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The Yomiuri Shimbun
Top court urges the Diet to reform lower house electoral system further
衆院選違憲状態 国会に制度改革促した最高裁
While respecting the discretionary power of the legislature, the latest ruling can be seen as the judiciary making as much of a request as it can.
立法府の裁量権を尊重する中で、司法として可能な範囲で注文を付けたということだろう。
The Grand Bench of the Supreme Court handed down a ruling Wednesday that the House of Representatives election in December last year, which had a maximum vote-value disparity of 2.13-to-1 in single-seat constituencies, was in a state of unconstitutionality.
「１票の格差」が最大２・１３倍だった昨年１２月の衆院小選挙区選について、最高裁大法廷は、違憲状態にあったとの判決を言い渡した。
On the grounds that the current state of vote-value disparity runs counter to the vote-value equality called for by the Constitution, the top court told the Diet, “There is a need [for the Diet] to steadily continue improving the electoral system.”
投票価値の平等という憲法の要請に反しているとして、「選挙制度の整備を着実に続ける必要がある」と国会に求めた。
It also acknowledged that a reasonable amount of time to correct the situation has not yet elapsed. The Diet has to make continued efforts to rectify the vote-value disparity.
格差是正に要する合理的な期間は過ぎていないとも認定した。国会は引き続き是正に努めねばならない。
The law concerning the establishment of the council on rezoning the electoral districts of the lower house stipulates the basic principle that the maximum vote-value disparity should not exceed 2-to-1.
１票の格差について、衆院選挙区画定審議会設置法は「２倍以上にならないことを基本とする」と定めている。
Prior to last year’s poll, the Diet cut the number of lower house seats by five in single-seat constituencies to reduce the disparity to less than 2-to-1. When the election was held, however, the disparity exceeded 2-to-1 in some constituencies, due to demographic change.
昨年の衆院選に先立ち、国会は選挙区定数の「０増５減」で、２倍未満に抑えた。
人口変動で選挙の時点では２倍を上回った。
Yet the top court acknowledged the Diet’s effort, calling it “a certain amount of progress toward realizing the correction.” It is a realistic view that takes into consideration the fact that it requires time to rectify the disparity.
だが、最高裁は、国会の取り組みを「是正実現に向けた一定の前進」と評価した。格差是正には時間がかかることを踏まえた現実的な見解と言えよう。
Imprudent court decisions have become conspicuous in recent years, with some high courts ruling, for instance, that the 2012 lower house election was “unconstitutional” and the results of the election were “invalid.”
２０１２年の衆院選について、一部の高裁が「違憲・無効」とするなど、近年は行き過ぎた判決も目立っていた。
Self-restraint shown
The top court reiterated its view that “even if the court judges that there is a problem under the Constitution, it cannot establish any specific systems on its own.” This is a reasonable judgment showing the top court has restrained itself in its consideration of the role of the judicature.
最高裁は今回、「裁判所は憲法上問題があると判断したとしても、自ら具体的な制度を定め得るものではない」との考え方を改めて示した。司法の役割を抑制的に捉えた妥当な判断である。
The Supreme Court has been saying the vote-value disparity primarily stems from the current seat-distribution system, which allots one seat to each prefecture and then decides, in proportion to the population, how many additional seats each prefecture should be allocated in the single-seat section of the election.
最高裁は、各都道府県に１議席を割り振ったうえで定数配分する「１人別枠方式」を格差の主因と指摘してきた。
In response, the Diet has already revised a related law to abolish the provision concerning the seat-distribution system.
これを受け、国会は、別枠方式の規定を廃止する関連法改正を既に行っている。
The top court again said in its latest ruling that the vote-value disparity exceeds 2-to-1 due to the fact that the allotment of seats based on the seat-distribution system was kept in place in single-seat constituencies in Tokyo and other prefectures, which were not included in the prefectures where a combined total of five seats were reduced.
今回も、０増５減の対象外だった都道府県で、別枠方式に基づく配分が残存することを、格差が２倍を超えた要因に挙げている。
A research panel of experts tasked with reform of the lower house electoral system is studying the possibility of adopting, in place of the current system, the so-called Adams’ method, which would better reflect the population ratio than the current one. With this method, the vote-value disparity is expected to be held to less than 2-to-1, at least for the time being.
衆院選挙制度改革に関する有識者調査会は、別枠方式に代えて、より人口に比例する「アダムズ方式」の採用を検討している。この方式なら、当面、格差を２倍未満に抑えられるとみられる。
The discussion concerning the reduction of the overall number of lower house seats is worrying. Takeshi Sasaki, chairman of the research panel, has said that in light of the fact that political parties are calling for reducing lower house seats in their public pledges and otherwise, we “cannot ignore political promises.”
気がかりなのは、定数削減の議論だ。調査会の佐々木毅座長は、各党が公約などで定数削減を唱えていることを踏まえ、「政治的な約束を無視できない」と語る。
Should the overall number of lower house seats be reduced, however, it would become more difficult for diverse public opinions to be reflected in the election.
だが、定数を減らせば、選挙で多様な民意を反映しにくくなる。
It may also scale down the Diet’s primary functions of making laws and overseeing the administration through the deliberation of bills.
法律を作り、法案審議を通じて行政を監視するという国会本来の機能も低下しかねない。
When looking at the number of seats compared to the population, the number of Diet members is not as large as in European countries.
人口比でみれば、日本の国会議員は欧州諸国などより多くはない。
The research panel may also need to seriously consider the negative aspects of reducing the number of seats.
調査会は、定数削減の負の面も真剣に考慮すべきではないか。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 26, 2015)
Top court urges the Diet to reform lower house electoral system further
衆院選違憲状態 国会に制度改革促した最高裁
While respecting the discretionary power of the legislature, the latest ruling can be seen as the judiciary making as much of a request as it can.
立法府の裁量権を尊重する中で、司法として可能な範囲で注文を付けたということだろう。
The Grand Bench of the Supreme Court handed down a ruling Wednesday that the House of Representatives election in December last year, which had a maximum vote-value disparity of 2.13-to-1 in single-seat constituencies, was in a state of unconstitutionality.
「１票の格差」が最大２・１３倍だった昨年１２月の衆院小選挙区選について、最高裁大法廷は、違憲状態にあったとの判決を言い渡した。
On the grounds that the current state of vote-value disparity runs counter to the vote-value equality called for by the Constitution, the top court told the Diet, “There is a need [for the Diet] to steadily continue improving the electoral system.”
投票価値の平等という憲法の要請に反しているとして、「選挙制度の整備を着実に続ける必要がある」と国会に求めた。
It also acknowledged that a reasonable amount of time to correct the situation has not yet elapsed. The Diet has to make continued efforts to rectify the vote-value disparity.
格差是正に要する合理的な期間は過ぎていないとも認定した。国会は引き続き是正に努めねばならない。
The law concerning the establishment of the council on rezoning the electoral districts of the lower house stipulates the basic principle that the maximum vote-value disparity should not exceed 2-to-1.
１票の格差について、衆院選挙区画定審議会設置法は「２倍以上にならないことを基本とする」と定めている。
Prior to last year’s poll, the Diet cut the number of lower house seats by five in single-seat constituencies to reduce the disparity to less than 2-to-1. When the election was held, however, the disparity exceeded 2-to-1 in some constituencies, due to demographic change.
昨年の衆院選に先立ち、国会は選挙区定数の「０増５減」で、２倍未満に抑えた。
人口変動で選挙の時点では２倍を上回った。
Yet the top court acknowledged the Diet’s effort, calling it “a certain amount of progress toward realizing the correction.” It is a realistic view that takes into consideration the fact that it requires time to rectify the disparity.
だが、最高裁は、国会の取り組みを「是正実現に向けた一定の前進」と評価した。格差是正には時間がかかることを踏まえた現実的な見解と言えよう。
Imprudent court decisions have become conspicuous in recent years, with some high courts ruling, for instance, that the 2012 lower house election was “unconstitutional” and the results of the election were “invalid.”
２０１２年の衆院選について、一部の高裁が「違憲・無効」とするなど、近年は行き過ぎた判決も目立っていた。
Self-restraint shown
The top court reiterated its view that “even if the court judges that there is a problem under the Constitution, it cannot establish any specific systems on its own.” This is a reasonable judgment showing the top court has restrained itself in its consideration of the role of the judicature.
最高裁は今回、「裁判所は憲法上問題があると判断したとしても、自ら具体的な制度を定め得るものではない」との考え方を改めて示した。司法の役割を抑制的に捉えた妥当な判断である。
The Supreme Court has been saying the vote-value disparity primarily stems from the current seat-distribution system, which allots one seat to each prefecture and then decides, in proportion to the population, how many additional seats each prefecture should be allocated in the single-seat section of the election.
最高裁は、各都道府県に１議席を割り振ったうえで定数配分する「１人別枠方式」を格差の主因と指摘してきた。
In response, the Diet has already revised a related law to abolish the provision concerning the seat-distribution system.
これを受け、国会は、別枠方式の規定を廃止する関連法改正を既に行っている。
The top court again said in its latest ruling that the vote-value disparity exceeds 2-to-1 due to the fact that the allotment of seats based on the seat-distribution system was kept in place in single-seat constituencies in Tokyo and other prefectures, which were not included in the prefectures where a combined total of five seats were reduced.
今回も、０増５減の対象外だった都道府県で、別枠方式に基づく配分が残存することを、格差が２倍を超えた要因に挙げている。
A research panel of experts tasked with reform of the lower house electoral system is studying the possibility of adopting, in place of the current system, the so-called Adams’ method, which would better reflect the population ratio than the current one. With this method, the vote-value disparity is expected to be held to less than 2-to-1, at least for the time being.
衆院選挙制度改革に関する有識者調査会は、別枠方式に代えて、より人口に比例する「アダムズ方式」の採用を検討している。この方式なら、当面、格差を２倍未満に抑えられるとみられる。
The discussion concerning the reduction of the overall number of lower house seats is worrying. Takeshi Sasaki, chairman of the research panel, has said that in light of the fact that political parties are calling for reducing lower house seats in their public pledges and otherwise, we “cannot ignore political promises.”
気がかりなのは、定数削減の議論だ。調査会の佐々木毅座長は、各党が公約などで定数削減を唱えていることを踏まえ、「政治的な約束を無視できない」と語る。
Should the overall number of lower house seats be reduced, however, it would become more difficult for diverse public opinions to be reflected in the election.
だが、定数を減らせば、選挙で多様な民意を反映しにくくなる。
It may also scale down the Diet’s primary functions of making laws and overseeing the administration through the deliberation of bills.
法律を作り、法案審議を通じて行政を監視するという国会本来の機能も低下しかねない。
When looking at the number of seats compared to the population, the number of Diet members is not as large as in European countries.
人口比でみれば、日本の国会議員は欧州諸国などより多くはない。
The research panel may also need to seriously consider the negative aspects of reducing the number of seats.
調査会は、定数削減の負の面も真剣に考慮すべきではないか。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 26, 2015)
The Yomiuri Shimbun
Isn’t South Korea repressing free research on history with indictment?
韓国朴教授起訴 自由な歴史研究を封じるのか
The latest action taken against a South Korean scholar constitutes an attempt to negate free and calm research activities and discussions on history.
これでは、歴史を巡る自由で冷静な研究活動や議論が成り立たない。
The move to build a criminal case against an academic study could amount to an abuse of public authority. The recent action, taken by a South Korean district prosecutors office, has also cast a shadow on Japan-South Korea relations.
学術研究を立件するのは、公権力の乱用になりかねず、日韓関係に微妙な影も落としている。
Park Yu Ha, a professor at Sejong University in Seoul, has been indicted, without being detained, on charges of defamation. According to her indictment, Park damaged the honor of former so-called comfort women in her book called “Teikoku no Ianfu” (Comfort women of the empire), in which she denied their forcible recruitment.
韓国の地検が、朴裕河・世宗大教授を名誉毀損きそんの罪で在宅起訴した。著書「帝国の慰安婦」で、慰安婦の強制連行を否定し、元慰安婦の名誉を傷つけたという。
The prosecutors office dismissed as untrue her assertion that “forcible recruitment, which consists of a violence committed by a state, has never been used against Korean comfort women.” The indictment also regarded as problematic her statement in the book: “Basically, Korean comfort women had a comradely relationship with soldiers.”
「『強制連行』という国家暴力が朝鮮人慰安婦に関して行われたことはない」とする朴教授の主張を「虚偽」だと決めつけた。朝鮮人慰安婦が「基本的に軍人と『同志』的な関係を結んでいた」とする記述なども問題視した。
In stating the reason for Park’s indictment, the prosecutors office said that these descriptions had infringed on the personal rights of the former comfort women, adding that her book deviates from the constitutional guarantee of academic freedom.
これらの表現が、元慰安婦の人格権を侵害し、憲法が保障する「学問の自由」を逸脱している、と起訴理由に示している。
The latest action came after 11 people, including former comfort women, filed a complaint against Park in June last year, followed by investigations into the case by the Seoul Eastern Prosecutors Office. Questions can be raised about the prosecutors’ action taken to pass judgment on historical facts about which even experts have divergent views.
昨年６月に元慰安婦ら１１人が告訴し、ソウル東部地検が捜査していた。検察が、専門家でも見解が分かれる史実の中身にまで立ち入って判断を下すのは疑問だ。
Park has refuted the prosecutors’ assertion, calling it “a distorted interpretation.” Her argument goes that the circumstances surrounding comfort women were varied, and that it is impossible to generalize them as “sex slaves,” “prostitutes” or otherwise.
朴教授は、「曲解だ」と反論している。慰安婦の境遇は多様で、「性奴隷」「売春婦」などと一括くくりにはできないと主張する。
Her book points to some other problems involved in the matter, saying that the corps of women mobilized for wartime labor services are confused with comfort women even today.
著書では、戦時勤労動員だった挺身ていしん隊と慰安婦が今も混同されているという問題点も指摘した。
Unreasonable basis
What cannot be overlooked is that the documents cited by the prosecutors office as the basis for branding Park’s assertion as false included a statement issued by then Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono and the U.N. Human Rights Commission’s Coomaraswamy Report.
看過できないのは、地検が朴教授の主張を虚偽と断じた根拠として、河野官房長官談話や国連人権委員会のクマラスワミ報告なども挙げていることだ。
During the process of preparing the Kono statement, no document that proved the “forcible recruitment” of comfort women by the wartime Imperial Japanese Army was discovered. The statement was a result of political compromise between Japan and South Korea, according to a report issued in June last year by the Japanese government after months of examining the process in question.
河野談話の作成過程では、旧日本軍による慰安婦の「強制連行」を裏付ける文書は見つかっていない。談話は日韓の政治的妥協の産物であったことが、昨年６月の日本政府の検証で判明している。
The Coomaraswamy Report included a number of unfounded descriptions. For instance, it stated that 200,000 Korean women had been forced to work as “sex slaves,” and that most of them had been killed later. The document also quotes false statements by Seiji Yoshida, who claimed women on South Korea’s Jeju Island had been forcibly recruited as comfort women.
クマラスワミ報告には、２０万人の朝鮮人女性が「性奴隷」となり、その後、大半が殺されたといった、根拠に乏しい記述が多数、含まれる。韓国の済州島で慰安婦を強制連行したという吉田清治氏の虚偽の証言も引用されている。
It is unreasonable to use these statements as a basis for the assertion that women were forcibly recruited as comfort women.
いずれも、慰安婦強制連行説の根拠とするには無理がある。
A Japanese-language version of Park’s “Teikoku no Ianfu” has been published, with some modifications made to its contents. The book has been chosen as the winner of Waseda University’s Journalism Award.
「帝国の慰安婦」は、一部修正された日本語版も刊行され、早稲田大主催のジャーナリズム大賞の受賞が決まっている。
In her book, Park states that the Korean comfort women were collaborators for the wartime Imperial Japanese Army, while at the same time criticizing the prewar “Empire of Japan” for being responsible for creating severe circumstances for these women.
朴教授は、朝鮮人慰安婦は旧日本軍の協力者でもあったと指摘する一方で、その過酷な境遇を作り出した責任は「大日本帝国」にあったと厳しく批判している。
We must say that imposing restrictions on expressing such an objective view will make it difficult to facilitate constructive dialogue between Japan and South Korea regarding the issue of comfort women.
こうした客観的な見解の表明さえも制約するようなら、慰安婦問題を巡る日韓の建設的な対話は困難と言わざるを得ない。
(The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 25, 2015)
Isn’t South Korea repressing free research on history with indictment?
韓国朴教授起訴 自由な歴史研究を封じるのか
The latest action taken against a South Korean scholar constitutes an attempt to negate free and calm research activities and discussions on history.
これでは、歴史を巡る自由で冷静な研究活動や議論が成り立たない。
The move to build a criminal case against an academic study could amount to an abuse of public authority. The recent action, taken by a South Korean district prosecutors office, has also cast a shadow on Japan-South Korea relations.
学術研究を立件するのは、公権力の乱用になりかねず、日韓関係に微妙な影も落としている。
Park Yu Ha, a professor at Sejong University in Seoul, has been indicted, without being detained, on charges of defamation. According to her indictment, Park damaged the honor of former so-called comfort women in her book called “Teikoku no Ianfu” (Comfort women of the empire), in which she denied their forcible recruitment.
韓国の地検が、朴裕河・世宗大教授を名誉毀損きそんの罪で在宅起訴した。著書「帝国の慰安婦」で、慰安婦の強制連行を否定し、元慰安婦の名誉を傷つけたという。
The prosecutors office dismissed as untrue her assertion that “forcible recruitment, which consists of a violence committed by a state, has never been used against Korean comfort women.” The indictment also regarded as problematic her statement in the book: “Basically, Korean comfort women had a comradely relationship with soldiers.”
「『強制連行』という国家暴力が朝鮮人慰安婦に関して行われたことはない」とする朴教授の主張を「虚偽」だと決めつけた。朝鮮人慰安婦が「基本的に軍人と『同志』的な関係を結んでいた」とする記述なども問題視した。
In stating the reason for Park’s indictment, the prosecutors office said that these descriptions had infringed on the personal rights of the former comfort women, adding that her book deviates from the constitutional guarantee of academic freedom.
これらの表現が、元慰安婦の人格権を侵害し、憲法が保障する「学問の自由」を逸脱している、と起訴理由に示している。
The latest action came after 11 people, including former comfort women, filed a complaint against Park in June last year, followed by investigations into the case by the Seoul Eastern Prosecutors Office. Questions can be raised about the prosecutors’ action taken to pass judgment on historical facts about which even experts have divergent views.
昨年６月に元慰安婦ら１１人が告訴し、ソウル東部地検が捜査していた。検察が、専門家でも見解が分かれる史実の中身にまで立ち入って判断を下すのは疑問だ。
Park has refuted the prosecutors’ assertion, calling it “a distorted interpretation.” Her argument goes that the circumstances surrounding comfort women were varied, and that it is impossible to generalize them as “sex slaves,” “prostitutes” or otherwise.
朴教授は、「曲解だ」と反論している。慰安婦の境遇は多様で、「性奴隷」「売春婦」などと一括くくりにはできないと主張する。
Her book points to some other problems involved in the matter, saying that the corps of women mobilized for wartime labor services are confused with comfort women even today.
著書では、戦時勤労動員だった挺身ていしん隊と慰安婦が今も混同されているという問題点も指摘した。
Unreasonable basis
What cannot be overlooked is that the documents cited by the prosecutors office as the basis for branding Park’s assertion as false included a statement issued by then Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono and the U.N. Human Rights Commission’s Coomaraswamy Report.
看過できないのは、地検が朴教授の主張を虚偽と断じた根拠として、河野官房長官談話や国連人権委員会のクマラスワミ報告なども挙げていることだ。
During the process of preparing the Kono statement, no document that proved the “forcible recruitment” of comfort women by the wartime Imperial Japanese Army was discovered. The statement was a result of political compromise between Japan and South Korea, according to a report issued in June last year by the Japanese government after months of examining the process in question.
河野談話の作成過程では、旧日本軍による慰安婦の「強制連行」を裏付ける文書は見つかっていない。談話は日韓の政治的妥協の産物であったことが、昨年６月の日本政府の検証で判明している。
The Coomaraswamy Report included a number of unfounded descriptions. For instance, it stated that 200,000 Korean women had been forced to work as “sex slaves,” and that most of them had been killed later. The document also quotes false statements by Seiji Yoshida, who claimed women on South Korea’s Jeju Island had been forcibly recruited as comfort women.
クマラスワミ報告には、２０万人の朝鮮人女性が「性奴隷」となり、その後、大半が殺されたといった、根拠に乏しい記述が多数、含まれる。韓国の済州島で慰安婦を強制連行したという吉田清治氏の虚偽の証言も引用されている。
It is unreasonable to use these statements as a basis for the assertion that women were forcibly recruited as comfort women.
いずれも、慰安婦強制連行説の根拠とするには無理がある。
A Japanese-language version of Park’s “Teikoku no Ianfu” has been published, with some modifications made to its contents. The book has been chosen as the winner of Waseda University’s Journalism Award.
「帝国の慰安婦」は、一部修正された日本語版も刊行され、早稲田大主催のジャーナリズム大賞の受賞が決まっている。
In her book, Park states that the Korean comfort women were collaborators for the wartime Imperial Japanese Army, while at the same time criticizing the prewar “Empire of Japan” for being responsible for creating severe circumstances for these women.
朴教授は、朝鮮人慰安婦は旧日本軍の協力者でもあったと指摘する一方で、その過酷な境遇を作り出した責任は「大日本帝国」にあったと厳しく批判している。
We must say that imposing restrictions on expressing such an objective view will make it difficult to facilitate constructive dialogue between Japan and South Korea regarding the issue of comfort women.
こうした客観的な見解の表明さえも制約するようなら、慰安婦問題を巡る日韓の建設的な対話は困難と言わざるを得ない。
(The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 25, 2015)
The Yomiuri Shimbun
Japan-Australia security relationship must be enhanced on multiple layers
日豪２プラス２ 安保協力を重層的に進めたい
Security cooperation between Japan and Australia is an important foundation for peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region. The collaboration must be deepened multilaterally by promoting bilateral communications.
日本と豪州の安全保障協力は、アジア太平洋地域の平和と安定への重要な基盤である。意思疎通を図り、多角的に連携を深化させるべきだ。
After the so-called two-plus-two meeting of their foreign and defense ministers in Sydney, the two countries issued a joint statement calling for strengthening defense cooperation through joint military exercises and exchange between troops, among other things.
日豪両政府はシドニーで外務・防衛閣僚会合（２プラス２）を開き、共同訓練や部隊交流など、両国の防衛協力を強化するとの共同声明を発表した。
Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida said the Japan-Australia relationship is “a special one sharing fundamental values and strategic interests.” His Australian counterpart, Julie Bishop, responded by saying the bilateral relationship is more important than ever.
岸田外相は、日豪関係について「基本的な価値、戦略的利益を共有する特別な関係だ」と強調した。ビショップ豪外相は、「かつてないほど重要だ」と指摘した。
Former Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott, who had built a close relationship with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, resigned in September over an economic slump and other matters. As his successor, Malcolm Turnbull, who belongs to the same Liberal Party as Abbott, attaches more importance to relations with China, there was concern in some quarters before the two-plus-two meeting that Tokyo-Canberra relations would regress under his administration.
安倍首相と親密だったアボット豪前首相は９月、経済不振などで退任した。同じ自由党のターンブル首相は、対中関係を重視しており、対日関係が後退することへの懸念が一部にあった。
Abe and Turnbull held their first conference in mid-November in Turkey. With the holding of the recent two-plus-two meeting, Tokyo-Canberra relations seem to be on track. The two governments must continue political dialogue as they work toward building confidence.
安倍、ターンブル両氏は今月中旬、トルコで初めて会談した。今回の２プラス２開催で、両政権の関係は軌道に乗った、と評価できる。今後も、政治対話を重ね、信頼醸成を図ることが大切だ。
Defense Minister Gen Nakatani explained the security-related laws enacted in September. Bishop welcomed the security legislation, saying that it would allow Japan to make a greater contribution to peacekeeping activities, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.
中谷防衛相は、９月に成立した安全保障関連法を説明した。ビショップ氏は「平和維持活動、人道支援、災害救援でより多くの貢献をしてもらえる」と歓迎した。
The security legislation is primarily aimed at solidifying the Japan-U.S. alliance and international cooperation, thereby ensuring security for Japan and the world.
安保関連法は日米同盟と国際連携を強化し、日本と世界の安全を確保することが主眼である。
Trilateral cooperation
The scope of Japan’s logistic support has been expanded to include troops other than those of the United States based on the assumption that Australian troops would be mobilized in case of emergencies around Japan.
後方支援の対象を米軍以外にも拡大したのは、日本周辺での緊急事態に豪州軍が駆けつけるケースなどを想定している。
A multilayered cooperative relationship must be built through such efforts as joint drills between Self-Defense Forces and the Australian military and trilateral exercises involving U.S. troops.
自衛隊と豪州軍、さらに米軍を交えた共同訓練などを通じ、重層的な協力関係を構築したい。
Australia will select a partner for joint development of its next-generation submarine from among Japan, France and Germany.
豪州は、次期潜水艦の共同開発の相手について、日仏独の３か国の中から選定する。
Japan’s submarine manufacturing technology is said to be among the best in the world. In this connection, the government needs to hold sufficient talks with Australia to prevent the leak of technologies to third-party countries.
日本の潜水艦製造技術は世界最高水準とされる。政府は、第三国への技術流出防止について、豪州側と十分協議する必要がある。
With China’s maritime advances in the East and South China Seas and construction of artificial islands in the South China Sea in mind, the joint statement expressed “strong opposition to any coercive and unilateral actions.” The statement also said all nations have the freedom of navigation and flight under international law.
共同声明は、中国の東・南シナ海での海洋進出や人工島造成を念頭に、「あらゆる威圧的、一方的な行動に強く反対する」と表明した。すべての国が、国際法に基づいて「航行と飛行の自由」を持つとも明記している。
The U.S. Navy’s patrols within 12 nautical miles of the reclaimed islands embody the principle of international law. Japan and Australia need to support the United States through every possible means.
人工島の１２カイリ内での米軍の巡視活動は、国際法の原則を体現するものだ。日豪は、様々な手段で米国を後押しする必要がある。
Japan and Australia plan to provide assistance measures for Papua New Guinea and other island countries in the Pacific, such as enhancing the capabilities of ensuring maritime security and improving social infrastructure.
日豪は、パプアニューギニアなど太平洋の島嶼とうしょ国に対し、海上保安能力の向上や社会基盤整備などを支援する方針だ。
Ensuring the safety of sea-lanes in the Western Pacific is of common interest to all the nations concerned. Japan should make a proactive commitment in this regard.
西太平洋の海上交通路（シーレーン）の安全確保は、各国共通の利益だ。積極的に寄与したい。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 24, 2015)
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Japan-Australia security relationship must be enhanced on multiple layers
日豪２プラス２ 安保協力を重層的に進めたい
Security cooperation between Japan and Australia is an important foundation for peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region. The collaboration must be deepened multilaterally by promoting bilateral communications.
日本と豪州の安全保障協力は、アジア太平洋地域の平和と安定への重要な基盤である。意思疎通を図り、多角的に連携を深化させるべきだ。
After the so-called two-plus-two meeting of their foreign and defense ministers in Sydney, the two countries issued a joint statement calling for strengthening defense cooperation through joint military exercises and exchange between troops, among other things.
日豪両政府はシドニーで外務・防衛閣僚会合（２プラス２）を開き、共同訓練や部隊交流など、両国の防衛協力を強化するとの共同声明を発表した。
Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida said the Japan-Australia relationship is “a special one sharing fundamental values and strategic interests.” His Australian counterpart, Julie Bishop, responded by saying the bilateral relationship is more important than ever.
岸田外相は、日豪関係について「基本的な価値、戦略的利益を共有する特別な関係だ」と強調した。ビショップ豪外相は、「かつてないほど重要だ」と指摘した。
Former Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott, who had built a close relationship with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, resigned in September over an economic slump and other matters. As his successor, Malcolm Turnbull, who belongs to the same Liberal Party as Abbott, attaches more importance to relations with China, there was concern in some quarters before the two-plus-two meeting that Tokyo-Canberra relations would regress under his administration.
安倍首相と親密だったアボット豪前首相は９月、経済不振などで退任した。同じ自由党のターンブル首相は、対中関係を重視しており、対日関係が後退することへの懸念が一部にあった。
Abe and Turnbull held their first conference in mid-November in Turkey. With the holding of the recent two-plus-two meeting, Tokyo-Canberra relations seem to be on track. The two governments must continue political dialogue as they work toward building confidence.
安倍、ターンブル両氏は今月中旬、トルコで初めて会談した。今回の２プラス２開催で、両政権の関係は軌道に乗った、と評価できる。今後も、政治対話を重ね、信頼醸成を図ることが大切だ。
Defense Minister Gen Nakatani explained the security-related laws enacted in September. Bishop welcomed the security legislation, saying that it would allow Japan to make a greater contribution to peacekeeping activities, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.
中谷防衛相は、９月に成立した安全保障関連法を説明した。ビショップ氏は「平和維持活動、人道支援、災害救援でより多くの貢献をしてもらえる」と歓迎した。
The security legislation is primarily aimed at solidifying the Japan-U.S. alliance and international cooperation, thereby ensuring security for Japan and the world.
安保関連法は日米同盟と国際連携を強化し、日本と世界の安全を確保することが主眼である。
Trilateral cooperation
The scope of Japan’s logistic support has been expanded to include troops other than those of the United States based on the assumption that Australian troops would be mobilized in case of emergencies around Japan.
後方支援の対象を米軍以外にも拡大したのは、日本周辺での緊急事態に豪州軍が駆けつけるケースなどを想定している。
A multilayered cooperative relationship must be built through such efforts as joint drills between Self-Defense Forces and the Australian military and trilateral exercises involving U.S. troops.
自衛隊と豪州軍、さらに米軍を交えた共同訓練などを通じ、重層的な協力関係を構築したい。
Australia will select a partner for joint development of its next-generation submarine from among Japan, France and Germany.
豪州は、次期潜水艦の共同開発の相手について、日仏独の３か国の中から選定する。
Japan’s submarine manufacturing technology is said to be among the best in the world. In this connection, the government needs to hold sufficient talks with Australia to prevent the leak of technologies to third-party countries.
日本の潜水艦製造技術は世界最高水準とされる。政府は、第三国への技術流出防止について、豪州側と十分協議する必要がある。
With China’s maritime advances in the East and South China Seas and construction of artificial islands in the South China Sea in mind, the joint statement expressed “strong opposition to any coercive and unilateral actions.” The statement also said all nations have the freedom of navigation and flight under international law.
共同声明は、中国の東・南シナ海での海洋進出や人工島造成を念頭に、「あらゆる威圧的、一方的な行動に強く反対する」と表明した。すべての国が、国際法に基づいて「航行と飛行の自由」を持つとも明記している。
The U.S. Navy’s patrols within 12 nautical miles of the reclaimed islands embody the principle of international law. Japan and Australia need to support the United States through every possible means.
人工島の１２カイリ内での米軍の巡視活動は、国際法の原則を体現するものだ。日豪は、様々な手段で米国を後押しする必要がある。
Japan and Australia plan to provide assistance measures for Papua New Guinea and other island countries in the Pacific, such as enhancing the capabilities of ensuring maritime security and improving social infrastructure.
日豪は、パプアニューギニアなど太平洋の島嶼とうしょ国に対し、海上保安能力の向上や社会基盤整備などを支援する方針だ。
Ensuring the safety of sea-lanes in the Western Pacific is of common interest to all the nations concerned. Japan should make a proactive commitment in this regard.
西太平洋の海上交通路（シーレーン）の安全確保は、各国共通の利益だ。積極的に寄与したい。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 24, 2015)
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The Yomiuri Shimbun
Nations must pressure China to conform to intl law in S. China Sea
東アジア会議 南シナ海で対中圧力を強めよ
China’s words and deeds to justify its own behavior while threatening freedom of navigation, which is based on international law, can never be tolerated. It is important to repeatedly voice to the international community over the menace and self-righteousness of the country.
国際法に基づく「航行の自由」を揺るがしながら、自らの行為を正当化する中国の言動は容認できない。その脅威と独善性を国際社会に繰り返し訴えることが重要である。
The leaders of 18 countries, including Japan, the United States, China and Russia plus members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, gathered in Malaysia on Sunday at a meeting of the East Asia Summit. China on the one hand and such countries as Japan and U.S. on the other exchanged at the meeting over China’s building artificial islands and promoting the establishment of military strongholds in the South China Sea.
日米中露などと東南アジア諸国連合（ＡＳＥＡＮ）の計１８か国による東アジア首脳会議が、マレーシアで開かれた。中国が南シナ海で人工島造成と軍事拠点化を進めている問題を巡って、日米などとの間で応酬が繰り広げられた。
At the meeting, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe stressed the need to thoroughly preserve the rule of law on the seas. With China in mind, Abe said, “A large-scale and rapid reclamation project aimed at creating a base for military purposes is under way” in the South China Sea, and The prime minister expressed “serious concern.”
安倍首相は、海洋での「法の支配」を徹底するよう訴えた。中国を念頭に、「大規模かつ急速な埋め立てや拠点構築、軍事目的での利用が継続している」と指摘し、「深刻な懸念」を表明した。
U.S. President Barack Obama, speaking in light of U.S. plans to continue patrol operations by its warships within 12 nautical miles of the artificial islands, emphasized the importance of the “freedom of navigation and overflight.” Philippine President Benigno Aquino and others agreed with Obama.
オバマ米大統領は、人工島の１２カイリ内を米艦艇が巡視する作戦の継続を前提に、「航行と飛行の自由」の重要性を力説した。フィリピンのアキノ大統領らも同調した。
Japanese-U.S. joint endeavors in cooperation with other countries concerned to beef up pressure on China are indispensable for maintaining regional stability.
日米が共同で関係国と連携して中国への圧力を強めることは、地域の安定維持に欠かせない。
it must not be overlooked that China has been criticizing Japan and the United States for their involvement in the South China Sea issue, labeling the two as “countries from outside the region.”
看過できないのは、中国が日米を南シナ海の「域外国」とし、その関与を批判していることだ。
China’s deception politics
Chinese Premier Li Keqiang called for “countries outside the region” to “refrain from taking actions that may cause tensions in the region.” His statement is apparently aimed at stopping the U.S. military’s patrol activities.
李克強首相は「域外国」に対し、「地域情勢を緊張させる行動をとらない」ことを求めた。米軍の巡視活動を牽制けんせいする狙いだろう。
The task of ensuring safety in the key maritime route(sea-lane) in the South China Sea is doubtless in the interest not only of the countries bordering the South China Sea but also the international community, including Japan and the United States. China’s assertion is wide of the mark.
南シナ海の海上交通路（シーレーン）の安全確保は、南シナ海の沿岸国だけでなく、日米を含む国際社会共通の利益にほかならない。中国の主張は筋違いだ。
Although China has agreed to consult with ASEAN to formulate a legally binding code of conduct for the contested area, there are no prospects for a timeframe for the code’s completion. It cannot be denied that China is using the dialogue to buy time, with the intention of making its control over the South China Sea a fait accompli.
中国は、法的拘束力のある行動規範の策定に向けたＡＳＥＡＮとの協議に応じているが、策定時期の見通しは立っていない。対話で時間を稼ぎ、南シナ海支配を既成事実化する意図は明白だ。
In last week’s summit of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, the issue of the South China Sea was not discussed. We can see China presumably maneuvered in advance to tamp down the issue.
先に開かれたアジア太平洋経済協力会議（ＡＰＥＣ）首脳会議では、南シナ海問題が議論されなかった。中国が事前に根回ししたことがうかがえる。
Early this month, Chinese President Xi Jinping visited Vietnam, with which China has had confrontations over the territorial problem, while sending Foreign Minister Wang Yi to the Philippines, the APEC chair.
習近平国家主席は今月上旬、領有権問題で対立するベトナムを訪問し、ＡＰＥＣ議長国のフィリピンには、王毅外相を派遣した。
China is using an old trick to try to split ASEAN members by using its economic clout. As long as Beijing continues to use deception as an expediency and fails to stop unilateral actions based on force, it will only increase regional distrust of China.
経済カードで懐柔し、ＡＳＥＡＮを分断するのは、中国の常套じょうとう手段だ。だが、その場限りのごまかしを続け、力による一方的な行動を改めなければ、地域の不信感を高めるだけではないか。
China’s tactic of distabilizing could hurt the unity of the member countries of ASEAN, which have declared they will launch an ASEAN Economic Community toward year-end. They are seeking to create a single market with a combined regional population of more than 600 million. Japan, in cooperation with the United States, must support the development of ASEAN as a whole.
中国の揺さぶりは、ＡＳＥＡＮの結束に悪影響を及ぼす。ＡＳＥＡＮ各国は経済共同体を年末に発足させると宣言した。域内人口６億人超の単一市場構築を目指す。日本は米国と協調し、ＡＳＥＡＮの一体的発展を支えるべきだ。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 23, 2015)
Nations must pressure China to conform to intl law in S. China Sea
東アジア会議 南シナ海で対中圧力を強めよ
China’s words and deeds to justify its own behavior while threatening freedom of navigation, which is based on international law, can never be tolerated. It is important to repeatedly voice to the international community over the menace and self-righteousness of the country.
国際法に基づく「航行の自由」を揺るがしながら、自らの行為を正当化する中国の言動は容認できない。その脅威と独善性を国際社会に繰り返し訴えることが重要である。
The leaders of 18 countries, including Japan, the United States, China and Russia plus members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, gathered in Malaysia on Sunday at a meeting of the East Asia Summit. China on the one hand and such countries as Japan and U.S. on the other exchanged at the meeting over China’s building artificial islands and promoting the establishment of military strongholds in the South China Sea.
日米中露などと東南アジア諸国連合（ＡＳＥＡＮ）の計１８か国による東アジア首脳会議が、マレーシアで開かれた。中国が南シナ海で人工島造成と軍事拠点化を進めている問題を巡って、日米などとの間で応酬が繰り広げられた。
At the meeting, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe stressed the need to thoroughly preserve the rule of law on the seas. With China in mind, Abe said, “A large-scale and rapid reclamation project aimed at creating a base for military purposes is under way” in the South China Sea, and The prime minister expressed “serious concern.”
安倍首相は、海洋での「法の支配」を徹底するよう訴えた。中国を念頭に、「大規模かつ急速な埋め立てや拠点構築、軍事目的での利用が継続している」と指摘し、「深刻な懸念」を表明した。
U.S. President Barack Obama, speaking in light of U.S. plans to continue patrol operations by its warships within 12 nautical miles of the artificial islands, emphasized the importance of the “freedom of navigation and overflight.” Philippine President Benigno Aquino and others agreed with Obama.
オバマ米大統領は、人工島の１２カイリ内を米艦艇が巡視する作戦の継続を前提に、「航行と飛行の自由」の重要性を力説した。フィリピンのアキノ大統領らも同調した。
Japanese-U.S. joint endeavors in cooperation with other countries concerned to beef up pressure on China are indispensable for maintaining regional stability.
日米が共同で関係国と連携して中国への圧力を強めることは、地域の安定維持に欠かせない。
it must not be overlooked that China has been criticizing Japan and the United States for their involvement in the South China Sea issue, labeling the two as “countries from outside the region.”
看過できないのは、中国が日米を南シナ海の「域外国」とし、その関与を批判していることだ。
China’s deception politics
Chinese Premier Li Keqiang called for “countries outside the region” to “refrain from taking actions that may cause tensions in the region.” His statement is apparently aimed at stopping the U.S. military’s patrol activities.
李克強首相は「域外国」に対し、「地域情勢を緊張させる行動をとらない」ことを求めた。米軍の巡視活動を牽制けんせいする狙いだろう。
The task of ensuring safety in the key maritime route(sea-lane) in the South China Sea is doubtless in the interest not only of the countries bordering the South China Sea but also the international community, including Japan and the United States. China’s assertion is wide of the mark.
南シナ海の海上交通路（シーレーン）の安全確保は、南シナ海の沿岸国だけでなく、日米を含む国際社会共通の利益にほかならない。中国の主張は筋違いだ。
Although China has agreed to consult with ASEAN to formulate a legally binding code of conduct for the contested area, there are no prospects for a timeframe for the code’s completion. It cannot be denied that China is using the dialogue to buy time, with the intention of making its control over the South China Sea a fait accompli.
中国は、法的拘束力のある行動規範の策定に向けたＡＳＥＡＮとの協議に応じているが、策定時期の見通しは立っていない。対話で時間を稼ぎ、南シナ海支配を既成事実化する意図は明白だ。
In last week’s summit of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, the issue of the South China Sea was not discussed. We can see China presumably maneuvered in advance to tamp down the issue.
先に開かれたアジア太平洋経済協力会議（ＡＰＥＣ）首脳会議では、南シナ海問題が議論されなかった。中国が事前に根回ししたことがうかがえる。
Early this month, Chinese President Xi Jinping visited Vietnam, with which China has had confrontations over the territorial problem, while sending Foreign Minister Wang Yi to the Philippines, the APEC chair.
習近平国家主席は今月上旬、領有権問題で対立するベトナムを訪問し、ＡＰＥＣ議長国のフィリピンには、王毅外相を派遣した。
China is using an old trick to try to split ASEAN members by using its economic clout. As long as Beijing continues to use deception as an expediency and fails to stop unilateral actions based on force, it will only increase regional distrust of China.
経済カードで懐柔し、ＡＳＥＡＮを分断するのは、中国の常套じょうとう手段だ。だが、その場限りのごまかしを続け、力による一方的な行動を改めなければ、地域の不信感を高めるだけではないか。
China’s tactic of distabilizing could hurt the unity of the member countries of ASEAN, which have declared they will launch an ASEAN Economic Community toward year-end. They are seeking to create a single market with a combined regional population of more than 600 million. Japan, in cooperation with the United States, must support the development of ASEAN as a whole.
中国の揺さぶりは、ＡＳＥＡＮの結束に悪影響を及ぼす。ＡＳＥＡＮ各国は経済共同体を年末に発足させると宣言した。域内人口６億人超の単一市場構築を目指す。日本は米国と協調し、ＡＳＥＡＮの一体的発展を支えるべきだ。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 23, 2015)
--The Asahi Shimbun, Nov. 21
EDITORIAL: Indictment of historian a crisis of freedom in S. Korea
（社説）歴史観の訴追 韓国の自由の危機だ
Prosecutors in South Korea have indicted a university professor on defamation charges, claiming she falsely described former “comfort women” who were forced to provide sex to wartime Japanese soldiers.
Park Yu-ha, who is attached to Sejong University, was charged without arrest on Nov. 18 in connection to her book, “Comfort Women of the Empire,” which prosecutors assert defamed these women.
韓国の検察が、同国で出版された「帝国の慰安婦」の著者、朴裕河（パクユハ）・世宗大教授を在宅起訴した。旧日本軍将兵らの性の相手をさせられた女性たちに対する名誉毀損（きそん）の罪に問うている。
Prosecutors acted on complaints made by former comfort women.
起訴内容は、元慰安婦らの告訴をそのまま認めた。
“Korean comfort women and the Japanese military were basically in a comradely relationship,” Park wrote in her book.
著書には「朝鮮人慰安婦と日本軍は基本的に同志的関係にあった」といった表現などがあるが、
Prosecutors claim this, and some other descriptions in her book, are factually wrong.
検察はこれらを「虚偽の事実」にあたると断じている。
While acknowledging that speech, press and academic freedoms are basic rights guaranteed by the Constitution, prosecutors contend that Park violated the personal rights of former comfort women and overstepped the boundaries of academic freedom.
また、言論や出版、学問の自由は憲法が保障する基本的権利だとしながらも、元慰安婦らの「人格権などを侵害し、学問の自由を逸脱した」と起訴理由をあげている。
There are a wide variety of views and opinions concerning the comfort women issue among former comfort women and their supporters, but it is not the mandate of public prosecutors to judge whether descriptions of historical facts are correct or not.
慰安婦問題をめぐり、当事者や支援者にさまざまな意見があるのはわかる。だが、史実の正否は検察当局が判断を下すべきものではない。
It is even more dangerous for authority to punish free academic activities concerning interpretations and descriptions of history.
ましてや歴史の解釈や表現をめぐる学問の自由な営みを公権力が罰するのは、きわめて危険なことである。
In her book, Park mainly discussed the structural problems of imperialism that were behind the suppression of women.
朴さんが著書で論じている趣旨は、帝国主義が抱える女性抑圧の構造的な問題である。
She harshly blames the imperial Japan for driving these women into a situation in which they had no choice but to have a comradely relationship with soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army.
さらに、同志的関係にならざるをえないような状況に追い込んだ当時の日本の責任を厳しく追及してもいる。
In South Korea, there have been criminal investigations and court rulings that seem to be influenced more by national sentiment than by legal theories in cases concerning issues related to Japan’s past.
韓国ではこれまでも日本の過去の問題が関係する事案では、法律論よりも国民感情に流されるかのような捜査や判決があった。
The latest move by the country’s prosecutors appears to be one example of this.
今回の判断の背景に、そんな要素は働かなかったか。
After former comfort women sought a temporary injunction against the publication of Park’s book, the Seoul Eastern District Court handed down a ruling in February that banned the publication of the book unless some passages were deleted.
この本をめぐっては元慰安婦らの仮処分申請を受け、裁判所も、一部を削除しなければ出版を認めない決定をしている。
Many facts about the comfort women issue remain unclear, such as the actual number of them.
確かに慰安婦問題については実際の総数など、まだ不明な部分も多い。
However, since former comfort women in South Korea began to come forward to tell their stories in the early 1990s, a lot of historical research on the subject has been conducted, mainly in Japan and South Korea. As a result, the real picture of comfort women has been gradually emerging.
一方で、被害者の韓国人女性たちが９０年代初めに名乗り出始めて以降、日韓を中心に研究が進み、徐々に慰安婦問題の実態がわかってきた。
These studies on comfort women have disclosed that there was actually a great diversity of cases.
同時に明らかになったのは、慰安婦といっても、実に多様なケースがあったということだ。
Park’s book focused on this diversity and her descriptions about some cases do not necessarily fit the common image of comfort women among South Koreans as “innocent girls.”
朴さんの著書はまさにその多様な側面に焦点をあてたが、韓国で広く語られる「純真で無垢（むく）な少女」という被害者像と必ずしも一致するわけではない。
If researchers face the constant threat of criminal prosecution over the publication of their research findings, however, the pursuit of learning is impossible.
だからといって、研究者が成果を発表するたびに刑事事件で起訴されていたのでは学問は成り立たない。
Progress in academic research and the natural selection of academic theories take place through mutual reviews and criticism of various theories, discoveries and interpretations.
学説や発見、解釈は互いに検証し、批判や反論をし合うことで、研究が進展したり、淘汰（とうた）されたりするものだ。
Suppressing dissenting views and opinions is a serious challenge to freedom.
異論の封殺は、自由に対する挑戦である。
The indictment of Park represents a problem that far transcends her personal concerns.
今回の問題は朴さん個人にとどまらない。
South Korean media have not given extensive coverage of the action taken by the prosecutors. We strongly hope to see a wide spectrum of the South Korean public stand up for the protection of freedom.
韓国メディアは起訴を大きく報じていないが、自由を守る声が広がることを願ってやまない。
EDITORIAL: Indictment of historian a crisis of freedom in S. Korea
（社説）歴史観の訴追 韓国の自由の危機だ
Prosecutors in South Korea have indicted a university professor on defamation charges, claiming she falsely described former “comfort women” who were forced to provide sex to wartime Japanese soldiers.
Park Yu-ha, who is attached to Sejong University, was charged without arrest on Nov. 18 in connection to her book, “Comfort Women of the Empire,” which prosecutors assert defamed these women.
韓国の検察が、同国で出版された「帝国の慰安婦」の著者、朴裕河（パクユハ）・世宗大教授を在宅起訴した。旧日本軍将兵らの性の相手をさせられた女性たちに対する名誉毀損（きそん）の罪に問うている。
Prosecutors acted on complaints made by former comfort women.
起訴内容は、元慰安婦らの告訴をそのまま認めた。
“Korean comfort women and the Japanese military were basically in a comradely relationship,” Park wrote in her book.
著書には「朝鮮人慰安婦と日本軍は基本的に同志的関係にあった」といった表現などがあるが、
Prosecutors claim this, and some other descriptions in her book, are factually wrong.
検察はこれらを「虚偽の事実」にあたると断じている。
While acknowledging that speech, press and academic freedoms are basic rights guaranteed by the Constitution, prosecutors contend that Park violated the personal rights of former comfort women and overstepped the boundaries of academic freedom.
また、言論や出版、学問の自由は憲法が保障する基本的権利だとしながらも、元慰安婦らの「人格権などを侵害し、学問の自由を逸脱した」と起訴理由をあげている。
There are a wide variety of views and opinions concerning the comfort women issue among former comfort women and their supporters, but it is not the mandate of public prosecutors to judge whether descriptions of historical facts are correct or not.
慰安婦問題をめぐり、当事者や支援者にさまざまな意見があるのはわかる。だが、史実の正否は検察当局が判断を下すべきものではない。
It is even more dangerous for authority to punish free academic activities concerning interpretations and descriptions of history.
ましてや歴史の解釈や表現をめぐる学問の自由な営みを公権力が罰するのは、きわめて危険なことである。
In her book, Park mainly discussed the structural problems of imperialism that were behind the suppression of women.
朴さんが著書で論じている趣旨は、帝国主義が抱える女性抑圧の構造的な問題である。
She harshly blames the imperial Japan for driving these women into a situation in which they had no choice but to have a comradely relationship with soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army.
さらに、同志的関係にならざるをえないような状況に追い込んだ当時の日本の責任を厳しく追及してもいる。
In South Korea, there have been criminal investigations and court rulings that seem to be influenced more by national sentiment than by legal theories in cases concerning issues related to Japan’s past.
韓国ではこれまでも日本の過去の問題が関係する事案では、法律論よりも国民感情に流されるかのような捜査や判決があった。
The latest move by the country’s prosecutors appears to be one example of this.
今回の判断の背景に、そんな要素は働かなかったか。
After former comfort women sought a temporary injunction against the publication of Park’s book, the Seoul Eastern District Court handed down a ruling in February that banned the publication of the book unless some passages were deleted.
この本をめぐっては元慰安婦らの仮処分申請を受け、裁判所も、一部を削除しなければ出版を認めない決定をしている。
Many facts about the comfort women issue remain unclear, such as the actual number of them.
確かに慰安婦問題については実際の総数など、まだ不明な部分も多い。
However, since former comfort women in South Korea began to come forward to tell their stories in the early 1990s, a lot of historical research on the subject has been conducted, mainly in Japan and South Korea. As a result, the real picture of comfort women has been gradually emerging.
一方で、被害者の韓国人女性たちが９０年代初めに名乗り出始めて以降、日韓を中心に研究が進み、徐々に慰安婦問題の実態がわかってきた。
These studies on comfort women have disclosed that there was actually a great diversity of cases.
同時に明らかになったのは、慰安婦といっても、実に多様なケースがあったということだ。
Park’s book focused on this diversity and her descriptions about some cases do not necessarily fit the common image of comfort women among South Koreans as “innocent girls.”
朴さんの著書はまさにその多様な側面に焦点をあてたが、韓国で広く語られる「純真で無垢（むく）な少女」という被害者像と必ずしも一致するわけではない。
If researchers face the constant threat of criminal prosecution over the publication of their research findings, however, the pursuit of learning is impossible.
だからといって、研究者が成果を発表するたびに刑事事件で起訴されていたのでは学問は成り立たない。
Progress in academic research and the natural selection of academic theories take place through mutual reviews and criticism of various theories, discoveries and interpretations.
学説や発見、解釈は互いに検証し、批判や反論をし合うことで、研究が進展したり、淘汰（とうた）されたりするものだ。
Suppressing dissenting views and opinions is a serious challenge to freedom.
異論の封殺は、自由に対する挑戦である。
The indictment of Park represents a problem that far transcends her personal concerns.
今回の問題は朴さん個人にとどまらない。
South Korean media have not given extensive coverage of the action taken by the prosecutors. We strongly hope to see a wide spectrum of the South Korean public stand up for the protection of freedom.
韓国メディアは起訴を大きく報じていないが、自由を守る声が広がることを願ってやまない。
The Yomiuri Shimbun
Deepen Japan-U.S. cooperation to handle China’s maritime advances
日米首脳会談 中国の海洋進出に連携対処を
Japan and the United States must work closely together and play a leading role in both the political and economic fields to maintain order in Asia.
アジアの秩序を守るため、日米両国が政治、経済両分野で緊密に連携して、主導的な役割を果たすことが肝要だ。
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and U.S. President Barack Obama held talks in Manila and agreed to enhance mutual cooperation in dealing with issues related to artificial islands built by China in the South China Sea.
安倍首相とオバマ米大統領がマニラで会談し、南シナ海での中国の人工島造成問題で、協力を強化することで一致した。
During the summit talks, Obama expressed his intention to continue the U.S. Navy’s patrol operations within 12 nautical miles of the artificial islands. They will be carried out as routine activities, he said.
オバマ氏は、米軍艦船が人工島の１２カイリ内を巡視する作戦について「日常の行動として実行したい」と述べ、継続を表明した。
Abe expressed support for the U.S. patrol operations and told Obama he would “consider the possibility of the Self-Defense Forces conducting operations in the area while examining the impact of the situation on Japan’s national security.”
首相は、作戦を支持し、南シナ海での自衛隊の活動に関して「日本の安全保障に与える影響を注視しつつ検討する」と述べた。
China must be stopped from carrying out large-scale reclamation in the area and turning the artificial islands into military bases based on self-serving logic in violation of international law. Japan and the United States have to cooperate with Southeast Asian nations and patiently call on China to exercise self-restraint and improve the situation.
中国が国際法に反する独善的な論理を用い、大規模な埋め立てや軍事拠点化を進めることは阻止せねばならない。日米が東南アジア各国とも連携し、中国に粘り強く自制と改善を促す必要がある。
The U.S. Navy’s operations are significant to prevent China’s unilateral attempt to change the status quo from becoming established fact. Even if it is not participating in them, Japan should provide indirect support for the U.S. operations. The Maritime Self-Defense Force and the U.S. Navy have built strong mutual trust through joint exercises, and joint reconnaissance and surveillance operations, over a long period.
中国の一方的な現状変更を既成事実化させないため、米軍の作戦は重要だ。日本も、作戦に参加しないまでも、側面支援はしたい。海上自衛隊と米海軍は長年、共同訓練や共同の警戒監視活動を通じて、強い信頼を築いてきた。
Japan must also try to help the navies and coast guards of the Philippines and other countries in the area develop their capabilities through official development assistance.
政府開発援助（ＯＤＡ）も活用し、フィリピンなど周辺国の海軍や海上保安機関の能力構築支援にも力を入れねばなるまい。
Abe pledges Futenma progress
Abe also told Obama that his administration would proceed resolutely with the relocation of the U.S. Marine Corps’ Futenma Air Station in Okinawa Prefecture to the Henoko district. Obama thanked Abe and expressed his intention to work with Tokyo in returning U.S. military facilities in the prefecture to Japan, among other issues.
米軍普天間飛行場の辺野古移設について、首相は「確固たる決意で進める」と表明した。オバマ氏は謝意を表し、米軍施設の返還などに協力する考えを示した。
It is important for Abe to maintain his stance of proceeding steadily with the relocation. Any attempt to seek an entirely new solution will further complicate the issue and only delay the removal of the dangers posed by the Futenma Air Station.
大切なのは、安倍政権が移設を着実に進める姿勢を堅持することだ。新たな解決策を探ることは、問題を複雑にし、普天間飛行場の危険性除去を遅らせるだけだ。
Obama praised the passage of security-related laws in Japan, saying they are historic achievements. He also said the United States strongly supported the Japan-South Korea bilateral meeting that was achieved recently.
オバマ氏は、安全保障関連法の成立について「歴史的業績だ」と高く評価した。日韓首脳会談の実現についても「強く支持する」と語った。
In reply, Abe expressed his intention to strengthen cooperation among Japan, the United States and South Korea to deal with North Korea’s nuclear and missile development.
首相は、北朝鮮の核・ミサイル問題を踏まえ、日米韓の協力を強化する考えを示した。
The cooperation of the three countries is essential for security in the northeast Asian region. Japan and the United States must keep urging South Korea to take positive steps toward that goal.
北東アジアの安全保障にとって日米韓の連携は不可欠だ。日米が韓国に前向きな対応を継続的に働きかけることが求められる。
Referring to the Trans-Pacific Partnership free trade pact, the prime minister said Japan and the United States’ leadership of the negotiations made it possible for the countries involved to reach a broad agreement. Obama said the TPP pact would drastically change the global environment and the next challenge was how the pact could be brought into effect and implemented.
環太平洋経済連携協定（ＴＰＰ）について首相は「日米が主導したからこそ、大筋合意ができた」と指摘した。オバマ氏は「ＴＰＰはグローバル環境を一変させる。課題は、協定の発効と実施の段階に持っていくことだ」と語った。
It is significant that Japan and the United States have led the formulation of free, fair and transparent rules on trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region. Taking the future expansion of participating countries into consideration, the countries concerned must try to ratify and implement the TPP pact as soon as possible.
日米が、アジア太平洋地域の自由、公正で透明性のある貿易・投資ルールの確立を牽引けんいんした意義は大きい。参加国の拡大も視野に入れて、できるだけ早期の批准・発効を目指すことが重要だ。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 21, 2015)
Deepen Japan-U.S. cooperation to handle China’s maritime advances
日米首脳会談 中国の海洋進出に連携対処を
Japan and the United States must work closely together and play a leading role in both the political and economic fields to maintain order in Asia.
アジアの秩序を守るため、日米両国が政治、経済両分野で緊密に連携して、主導的な役割を果たすことが肝要だ。
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and U.S. President Barack Obama held talks in Manila and agreed to enhance mutual cooperation in dealing with issues related to artificial islands built by China in the South China Sea.
安倍首相とオバマ米大統領がマニラで会談し、南シナ海での中国の人工島造成問題で、協力を強化することで一致した。
During the summit talks, Obama expressed his intention to continue the U.S. Navy’s patrol operations within 12 nautical miles of the artificial islands. They will be carried out as routine activities, he said.
オバマ氏は、米軍艦船が人工島の１２カイリ内を巡視する作戦について「日常の行動として実行したい」と述べ、継続を表明した。
Abe expressed support for the U.S. patrol operations and told Obama he would “consider the possibility of the Self-Defense Forces conducting operations in the area while examining the impact of the situation on Japan’s national security.”
首相は、作戦を支持し、南シナ海での自衛隊の活動に関して「日本の安全保障に与える影響を注視しつつ検討する」と述べた。
China must be stopped from carrying out large-scale reclamation in the area and turning the artificial islands into military bases based on self-serving logic in violation of international law. Japan and the United States have to cooperate with Southeast Asian nations and patiently call on China to exercise self-restraint and improve the situation.
中国が国際法に反する独善的な論理を用い、大規模な埋め立てや軍事拠点化を進めることは阻止せねばならない。日米が東南アジア各国とも連携し、中国に粘り強く自制と改善を促す必要がある。
The U.S. Navy’s operations are significant to prevent China’s unilateral attempt to change the status quo from becoming established fact. Even if it is not participating in them, Japan should provide indirect support for the U.S. operations. The Maritime Self-Defense Force and the U.S. Navy have built strong mutual trust through joint exercises, and joint reconnaissance and surveillance operations, over a long period.
中国の一方的な現状変更を既成事実化させないため、米軍の作戦は重要だ。日本も、作戦に参加しないまでも、側面支援はしたい。海上自衛隊と米海軍は長年、共同訓練や共同の警戒監視活動を通じて、強い信頼を築いてきた。
Japan must also try to help the navies and coast guards of the Philippines and other countries in the area develop their capabilities through official development assistance.
政府開発援助（ＯＤＡ）も活用し、フィリピンなど周辺国の海軍や海上保安機関の能力構築支援にも力を入れねばなるまい。
Abe pledges Futenma progress
Abe also told Obama that his administration would proceed resolutely with the relocation of the U.S. Marine Corps’ Futenma Air Station in Okinawa Prefecture to the Henoko district. Obama thanked Abe and expressed his intention to work with Tokyo in returning U.S. military facilities in the prefecture to Japan, among other issues.
米軍普天間飛行場の辺野古移設について、首相は「確固たる決意で進める」と表明した。オバマ氏は謝意を表し、米軍施設の返還などに協力する考えを示した。
It is important for Abe to maintain his stance of proceeding steadily with the relocation. Any attempt to seek an entirely new solution will further complicate the issue and only delay the removal of the dangers posed by the Futenma Air Station.
大切なのは、安倍政権が移設を着実に進める姿勢を堅持することだ。新たな解決策を探ることは、問題を複雑にし、普天間飛行場の危険性除去を遅らせるだけだ。
Obama praised the passage of security-related laws in Japan, saying they are historic achievements. He also said the United States strongly supported the Japan-South Korea bilateral meeting that was achieved recently.
オバマ氏は、安全保障関連法の成立について「歴史的業績だ」と高く評価した。日韓首脳会談の実現についても「強く支持する」と語った。
In reply, Abe expressed his intention to strengthen cooperation among Japan, the United States and South Korea to deal with North Korea’s nuclear and missile development.
首相は、北朝鮮の核・ミサイル問題を踏まえ、日米韓の協力を強化する考えを示した。
The cooperation of the three countries is essential for security in the northeast Asian region. Japan and the United States must keep urging South Korea to take positive steps toward that goal.
北東アジアの安全保障にとって日米韓の連携は不可欠だ。日米が韓国に前向きな対応を継続的に働きかけることが求められる。
Referring to the Trans-Pacific Partnership free trade pact, the prime minister said Japan and the United States’ leadership of the negotiations made it possible for the countries involved to reach a broad agreement. Obama said the TPP pact would drastically change the global environment and the next challenge was how the pact could be brought into effect and implemented.
環太平洋経済連携協定（ＴＰＰ）について首相は「日米が主導したからこそ、大筋合意ができた」と指摘した。オバマ氏は「ＴＰＰはグローバル環境を一変させる。課題は、協定の発効と実施の段階に持っていくことだ」と語った。
It is significant that Japan and the United States have led the formulation of free, fair and transparent rules on trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region. Taking the future expansion of participating countries into consideration, the countries concerned must try to ratify and implement the TPP pact as soon as possible.
日米が、アジア太平洋地域の自由、公正で透明性のある貿易・投資ルールの確立を牽引けんいんした意義は大きい。参加国の拡大も視野に入れて、できるだけ早期の批准・発効を目指すことが重要だ。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 21, 2015)
The Yomiuri Shimbun
Expansion of free trade framework must center around TPP pact
ＡＰＥＣ 自由貿易拡大はＴＰＰを軸に
Broadening high-level trade liberalization based on the Trans-Pacific Partnership free trade agreement is indispensable to the further development of the world economy.
環太平洋経済連携協定（ＴＰＰ）をベースにした、高水準の貿易自由化を広げることが世界経済の発展に欠かせない。
A declaration was adopted Thursday at a summit meeting of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, of which a major pillar is to speed up discussions about creating a “Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific” (FTAAP).
アジア太平洋経済協力会議（ＡＰＥＣ）首脳会議は、「アジア太平洋自由貿易圏（ＦＴＡＡＰ）構想」の検討加速を柱とする首脳宣言を採択した。
The declaration stressed that the realization of the envisioned FTAAP “should be pursued as a comprehensive free trade agreement.”
宣言は、ＦＴＡＡＰに関して、「包括的な自由貿易協定として追求されるべきだ」と強調した。
The FTAAP would endeavor to economically integrate 21 countries and regions, including Japan, the United States, China and Russia. We welcome the fact that the APEC members — despite their widely different levels of economic development, ranging from industrially advanced to developing — have reconfirmed the importance of unifying trade rules.
ＦＴＡＡＰは、日米中露など域内２１か国・地域の経済統合を図る試みだ。先進国から途上国まで経済の発展段階が違うＡＰＥＣメンバーがルールを統一する重要性を確認できたのは、歓迎できる。
If the broad agreements reached in the TPP negotiations, such as the abolition of tariffs and the application of fair and transparent trade rules, spread to nations outside the TPP, it will certainly invigorate the economic activities in the region.
ＴＰＰで大筋合意した高いレベルの関税撤廃や、公正で透明な貿易ルールの適用がＦＴＡＡＰでより多くの国々に広がれば、地域の経済活性化に弾みがつこう。
It is a cause for concern that China and Russia, which are not involved in the TPP, have reacted adversely to the envisaged economic integration centering on the TPP.
懸念材料は、ＴＰＰに参加していない中露がＴＰＰを軸にした経済統合に反発していることだ。
Chinese President Xi Jinping expressed caution in a lecture during the summit, saying: “With various new regional free trade arrangements cropping up, there have been worries about the potential of fragmentation.”
中国の習近平国家主席は講演で「自由貿易の計画が次々と現れ、地域がバラバラになることを懸念している」と警戒感を示した。
Russian President Vladimir Putin wrote in an article ahead of the APEC summit that “the confidential fashion in which the TPP negotiations were conducted is probably not the best way to facilitate sustainable growth in the Asia-Pacific region.”
ロシアのプーチン大統領も「ＴＰＰの秘密交渉スタイルは、地域の成長を促す最良の道ではない」とする論文を発表した。
U.S. Congress is key
One country after another has shown interest in taking part in the TPP, including South Korea and the Philippines. China and Russia, whose intentions to vie with the economic order led by the United States are now in jeopardy, have apparently taken steps to check the moves of other nations to become additional TPP members.
韓国やフィリピンなどの参加検討表明が相次いでいる。中露は、米国主導の経済秩序に対抗する目論もくろ見みが危うくなったため、新規参入の動きを牽制けんせいしたのだろう。
China is poised to seek the region’s economic integration based on the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), which it has been negotiating with countries including Japan, South Korea and India. The United States is not a party to RCEP negotiations.
中国は、日韓やインドなどと交渉中の東アジア地域包括的経済連携（ＲＣＥＰ）を基礎に経済統合を目指す考えだ。米国は交渉に参加していない。
However, the tariff abolition targets being sought in the RCEP initiative are lower than those under the TPP. It has been pointed out that the RCEP talks have yet to make progress regarding such matters as environmental protection and human and intellectual property rights, while TPP member countries and businesses are required to comply with standards regarding those matters.
だが、ＲＣＥＰは、ＴＰＰに比べ、目標とする関税撤廃率が低い。ＴＰＰが締結国の政府や企業に求めた環境や人権、知的財産権などへの配慮についても、議論がまだ進んでいないとされる。
To ensure fair and free economic activity, it is more desirable to have the TPP rules accepted as international standards.
公正で自由な経済活動を確保するには、ＴＰＰルールを国際標準とする方が望ましい。
It was right that Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said at the APEC summit: “Japan hereafter will energetically pour our efforts into expanding the TPP.” By cooperating with such countries as Australia, Japan must play a leading role in the RCEP negotiation process — in which the United States is absent — with the aim of bringing its levels of trade liberalization closer to those of the TPP.
安倍首相が「日本は今後、ＴＰＰを広める取り組みに注力する」と語ったのは適切だ。豪州などと連携して、米国不在のＲＣＥＰ交渉をリードし、自由化の水準をＴＰＰに近づけねばならない。
It is worrying that rough sailing is expected regarding the ratification of the TPP by the U.S. Congress. In addition to objections from the Republican Party, trade unions, which are the support base for the Democratic Party, have also been intensifying their resistance toward the TPP.
気がかりなのは、ＴＰＰの批准が、米国で難航しそうなことである。野党の共和党に加え、与党・民主党でも、支持層の労働組合が反対を強めている。
The TPP cannot be put into force without ratification by the United States. We hope the U.S. administration will strenuously tackle the challenge in Congress.
米国が批准しないと、ＴＰＰは発効しない。米政府は議会対策に精力的に取り組んでほしい。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 20, 2015)
Expansion of free trade framework must center around TPP pact
ＡＰＥＣ 自由貿易拡大はＴＰＰを軸に
Broadening high-level trade liberalization based on the Trans-Pacific Partnership free trade agreement is indispensable to the further development of the world economy.
環太平洋経済連携協定（ＴＰＰ）をベースにした、高水準の貿易自由化を広げることが世界経済の発展に欠かせない。
A declaration was adopted Thursday at a summit meeting of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, of which a major pillar is to speed up discussions about creating a “Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific” (FTAAP).
アジア太平洋経済協力会議（ＡＰＥＣ）首脳会議は、「アジア太平洋自由貿易圏（ＦＴＡＡＰ）構想」の検討加速を柱とする首脳宣言を採択した。
The declaration stressed that the realization of the envisioned FTAAP “should be pursued as a comprehensive free trade agreement.”
宣言は、ＦＴＡＡＰに関して、「包括的な自由貿易協定として追求されるべきだ」と強調した。
The FTAAP would endeavor to economically integrate 21 countries and regions, including Japan, the United States, China and Russia. We welcome the fact that the APEC members — despite their widely different levels of economic development, ranging from industrially advanced to developing — have reconfirmed the importance of unifying trade rules.
ＦＴＡＡＰは、日米中露など域内２１か国・地域の経済統合を図る試みだ。先進国から途上国まで経済の発展段階が違うＡＰＥＣメンバーがルールを統一する重要性を確認できたのは、歓迎できる。
If the broad agreements reached in the TPP negotiations, such as the abolition of tariffs and the application of fair and transparent trade rules, spread to nations outside the TPP, it will certainly invigorate the economic activities in the region.
ＴＰＰで大筋合意した高いレベルの関税撤廃や、公正で透明な貿易ルールの適用がＦＴＡＡＰでより多くの国々に広がれば、地域の経済活性化に弾みがつこう。
It is a cause for concern that China and Russia, which are not involved in the TPP, have reacted adversely to the envisaged economic integration centering on the TPP.
懸念材料は、ＴＰＰに参加していない中露がＴＰＰを軸にした経済統合に反発していることだ。
Chinese President Xi Jinping expressed caution in a lecture during the summit, saying: “With various new regional free trade arrangements cropping up, there have been worries about the potential of fragmentation.”
中国の習近平国家主席は講演で「自由貿易の計画が次々と現れ、地域がバラバラになることを懸念している」と警戒感を示した。
Russian President Vladimir Putin wrote in an article ahead of the APEC summit that “the confidential fashion in which the TPP negotiations were conducted is probably not the best way to facilitate sustainable growth in the Asia-Pacific region.”
ロシアのプーチン大統領も「ＴＰＰの秘密交渉スタイルは、地域の成長を促す最良の道ではない」とする論文を発表した。
U.S. Congress is key
One country after another has shown interest in taking part in the TPP, including South Korea and the Philippines. China and Russia, whose intentions to vie with the economic order led by the United States are now in jeopardy, have apparently taken steps to check the moves of other nations to become additional TPP members.
韓国やフィリピンなどの参加検討表明が相次いでいる。中露は、米国主導の経済秩序に対抗する目論もくろ見みが危うくなったため、新規参入の動きを牽制けんせいしたのだろう。
China is poised to seek the region’s economic integration based on the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), which it has been negotiating with countries including Japan, South Korea and India. The United States is not a party to RCEP negotiations.
中国は、日韓やインドなどと交渉中の東アジア地域包括的経済連携（ＲＣＥＰ）を基礎に経済統合を目指す考えだ。米国は交渉に参加していない。
However, the tariff abolition targets being sought in the RCEP initiative are lower than those under the TPP. It has been pointed out that the RCEP talks have yet to make progress regarding such matters as environmental protection and human and intellectual property rights, while TPP member countries and businesses are required to comply with standards regarding those matters.
だが、ＲＣＥＰは、ＴＰＰに比べ、目標とする関税撤廃率が低い。ＴＰＰが締結国の政府や企業に求めた環境や人権、知的財産権などへの配慮についても、議論がまだ進んでいないとされる。
To ensure fair and free economic activity, it is more desirable to have the TPP rules accepted as international standards.
公正で自由な経済活動を確保するには、ＴＰＰルールを国際標準とする方が望ましい。
It was right that Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said at the APEC summit: “Japan hereafter will energetically pour our efforts into expanding the TPP.” By cooperating with such countries as Australia, Japan must play a leading role in the RCEP negotiation process — in which the United States is absent — with the aim of bringing its levels of trade liberalization closer to those of the TPP.
安倍首相が「日本は今後、ＴＰＰを広める取り組みに注力する」と語ったのは適切だ。豪州などと連携して、米国不在のＲＣＥＰ交渉をリードし、自由化の水準をＴＰＰに近づけねばならない。
It is worrying that rough sailing is expected regarding the ratification of the TPP by the U.S. Congress. In addition to objections from the Republican Party, trade unions, which are the support base for the Democratic Party, have also been intensifying their resistance toward the TPP.
気がかりなのは、ＴＰＰの批准が、米国で難航しそうなことである。野党の共和党に加え、与党・民主党でも、支持層の労働組合が反対を強めている。
The TPP cannot be put into force without ratification by the United States. We hope the U.S. administration will strenuously tackle the challenge in Congress.
米国が批准しないと、ＴＰＰは発効しない。米政府は議会対策に精力的に取り組んでほしい。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 20, 2015)
The Yomiuri Shimbun
Prevent international terrorist attacks by strengthening border controls
国内テロ対策 水際を固めて発生を阻止せよ
It is urgently required to establish a system to gather intelligence on foreign terrorists, and to prevent terrorist attacks in Japan.
海外のテロ情報を収集し、国内での犯行阻止につなげる。その体制整備が喫緊の課題である。
Immediately after returning from a summit meeting of the Group of 20 major economies, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe attended a meeting of the National Security Council. “I want all of you to implement every possible measure to prevent a terrorist attack from occurring,” Abe told the council.
安倍首相は、主要２０か国・地域（Ｇ２０）首脳会議からの帰国直後に開いた国家安全保障会議（ＮＳＣ）で、「テロの未然防止に全力を尽くしてほしい」と指示した。
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) extremist group, which carried out the simultaneous terrorist attacks in Paris last week, has named Japan as one of its targets. Given that Japan will host the Ise-Shima summit meeting of Group of Seven nations next year and the 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games, the implementation of effective countermeasures cannot be put off any longer.
パリ同時テロを引き起こした過激派組織「イスラム国」は、日本も標的に挙げている。来年の主要国首脳会議（伊勢志摩サミット）や２０２０年東京五輪・パラリンピックを控えるだけに、対策に時間的な猶予はない。
The targets of the Paris terrorist attacks included a theater and sports stadium where many and unspecified civilians assemble. Such places are often called “soft targets,” and the security measures in place tend to be less rigorous than at government institutions and other facilities.
パリのテロでは、不特定多数の民間人が集まる劇場や競技場が狙われた。ソフトターゲットと呼ばれ、政府機関などに比べて警備が手薄になりがちだ。
Japan also has many places that could be considered soft targets. Security measures are needed, such as screening the personal belongings of people entering such places, but it is impossible for every facility to conduct increased security checks.
ソフトターゲットになり得る場所は日本にも多い。入場者の手荷物検査といった対策が必要だ。ただし、全ての施設で手厚い警備を実施するのは不可能だろう。
The important thing is not to allow terrorists to enter Japan. To ensure this, intelligence on individual terrorists and international terrorist organizations will be essential. The success or failure of countermeasures implemented at the nation’s borders will hinge on the extent to which such intelligence can be acquired beforehand.
重要なのは、テロリストを入国させないことだ。そのためには、国際テロ組織や個々のテロリストに関する情報が欠かせない。事前に機密情報をどこまで入手できるかに、水際対策の成否がかかっていると言えよう。
Time is of the essence
ISIL has murdered two Japanese hostages. In response to these killings, the government decided in May to set up an “international terrorism intelligence-gathering unit” within the Foreign Ministry.
「イスラム国」は日本人の人質２人を殺害した。この事件を受け、政府は今年５月、「国際テロ情報収集ユニット」を外務省に設置することを決めた。
This organization will be led by the Prime Minister’s Office and collect terrorist information to be shared among all relevant branches of the government. The initial plan was to launch the unit in spring 2016, but the government reportedly will consider bringing this date forward.
政府の全関係機関が共同でテロ情報を収集する官邸主導の組織となる。来春の設置を目指してきたが、前倒しも検討するという。
It has been pointed out that Japan, which does not have an independent foreign intelligence agency, possesses scant intelligence on terrorists and terrorism. Enforcement of the law to protect specially designated state secrets should help rectify this weakness. We hope the intelligence-gathering unit will quickly get into action and strengthen ties with foreign intelligence services.
独立した対外情報機関を持たない日本は、テロ情報の保有量が少ないとされてきた。特定秘密保護法の施行で、その弱点は改善されるだろう。早急にユニットを始動させ、外国の情報機関との連携を強めてもらいたい。
The number of foreigners visiting Japan for tourism and other reasons is expected to increase in the years ahead. Immigration checks at airports and other points of entry must swiftly detect any suspicious people.
今後も観光などで来日する外国人の増加が見込まれる。空港などの入国審査で、不審人物を迅速にチェックする必要がある。
The Justice Ministry plans to create a database of facial images of known terrorists and in the next fiscal year introduce at every international airport in Japan a system that can instantly check each visitor’s face against these photos. Combined with checks of fingerprints taken during entry to Japan, this system must be made to function effectively.
法務省は、テロリストらの顔画像をデータベース化し、瞬時に照合できるシステムを来年度から全国の国際空港に導入する方針だ。指紋によるチェックと併せ、有効に機能させねばならない。
With regard to combating organized crime, there has been debate over the pros and cons of establishing conspiracy as a crime, allowing people to be punished for planning to commit a serious crime. Some observers have also advocated the broader monitoring of communications, which current laws only allow to be conducted within a severely restricted scope.
組織的犯罪の対策を巡っては、重大犯罪を計画した段階で処罰対象とする共謀罪の創設の是非が議論されてきた。現行法で適用範囲が厳しく制限された通信傍受の柔軟な運用を望む声もある。
We hope the government will craft effective policies while giving due consideration to human rights.
人権に配慮しつつ、実効性のある方策を見極めたい。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 19, 2015)
Prevent international terrorist attacks by strengthening border controls
国内テロ対策 水際を固めて発生を阻止せよ
It is urgently required to establish a system to gather intelligence on foreign terrorists, and to prevent terrorist attacks in Japan.
海外のテロ情報を収集し、国内での犯行阻止につなげる。その体制整備が喫緊の課題である。
Immediately after returning from a summit meeting of the Group of 20 major economies, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe attended a meeting of the National Security Council. “I want all of you to implement every possible measure to prevent a terrorist attack from occurring,” Abe told the council.
安倍首相は、主要２０か国・地域（Ｇ２０）首脳会議からの帰国直後に開いた国家安全保障会議（ＮＳＣ）で、「テロの未然防止に全力を尽くしてほしい」と指示した。
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) extremist group, which carried out the simultaneous terrorist attacks in Paris last week, has named Japan as one of its targets. Given that Japan will host the Ise-Shima summit meeting of Group of Seven nations next year and the 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games, the implementation of effective countermeasures cannot be put off any longer.
パリ同時テロを引き起こした過激派組織「イスラム国」は、日本も標的に挙げている。来年の主要国首脳会議（伊勢志摩サミット）や２０２０年東京五輪・パラリンピックを控えるだけに、対策に時間的な猶予はない。
The targets of the Paris terrorist attacks included a theater and sports stadium where many and unspecified civilians assemble. Such places are often called “soft targets,” and the security measures in place tend to be less rigorous than at government institutions and other facilities.
パリのテロでは、不特定多数の民間人が集まる劇場や競技場が狙われた。ソフトターゲットと呼ばれ、政府機関などに比べて警備が手薄になりがちだ。
Japan also has many places that could be considered soft targets. Security measures are needed, such as screening the personal belongings of people entering such places, but it is impossible for every facility to conduct increased security checks.
ソフトターゲットになり得る場所は日本にも多い。入場者の手荷物検査といった対策が必要だ。ただし、全ての施設で手厚い警備を実施するのは不可能だろう。
The important thing is not to allow terrorists to enter Japan. To ensure this, intelligence on individual terrorists and international terrorist organizations will be essential. The success or failure of countermeasures implemented at the nation’s borders will hinge on the extent to which such intelligence can be acquired beforehand.
重要なのは、テロリストを入国させないことだ。そのためには、国際テロ組織や個々のテロリストに関する情報が欠かせない。事前に機密情報をどこまで入手できるかに、水際対策の成否がかかっていると言えよう。
Time is of the essence
ISIL has murdered two Japanese hostages. In response to these killings, the government decided in May to set up an “international terrorism intelligence-gathering unit” within the Foreign Ministry.
「イスラム国」は日本人の人質２人を殺害した。この事件を受け、政府は今年５月、「国際テロ情報収集ユニット」を外務省に設置することを決めた。
This organization will be led by the Prime Minister’s Office and collect terrorist information to be shared among all relevant branches of the government. The initial plan was to launch the unit in spring 2016, but the government reportedly will consider bringing this date forward.
政府の全関係機関が共同でテロ情報を収集する官邸主導の組織となる。来春の設置を目指してきたが、前倒しも検討するという。
It has been pointed out that Japan, which does not have an independent foreign intelligence agency, possesses scant intelligence on terrorists and terrorism. Enforcement of the law to protect specially designated state secrets should help rectify this weakness. We hope the intelligence-gathering unit will quickly get into action and strengthen ties with foreign intelligence services.
独立した対外情報機関を持たない日本は、テロ情報の保有量が少ないとされてきた。特定秘密保護法の施行で、その弱点は改善されるだろう。早急にユニットを始動させ、外国の情報機関との連携を強めてもらいたい。
The number of foreigners visiting Japan for tourism and other reasons is expected to increase in the years ahead. Immigration checks at airports and other points of entry must swiftly detect any suspicious people.
今後も観光などで来日する外国人の増加が見込まれる。空港などの入国審査で、不審人物を迅速にチェックする必要がある。
The Justice Ministry plans to create a database of facial images of known terrorists and in the next fiscal year introduce at every international airport in Japan a system that can instantly check each visitor’s face against these photos. Combined with checks of fingerprints taken during entry to Japan, this system must be made to function effectively.
法務省は、テロリストらの顔画像をデータベース化し、瞬時に照合できるシステムを来年度から全国の国際空港に導入する方針だ。指紋によるチェックと併せ、有効に機能させねばならない。
With regard to combating organized crime, there has been debate over the pros and cons of establishing conspiracy as a crime, allowing people to be punished for planning to commit a serious crime. Some observers have also advocated the broader monitoring of communications, which current laws only allow to be conducted within a severely restricted scope.
組織的犯罪の対策を巡っては、重大犯罪を計画した段階で処罰対象とする共謀罪の創設の是非が議論されてきた。現行法で適用範囲が厳しく制限された通信傍受の柔軟な運用を望む声もある。
We hope the government will craft effective policies while giving due consideration to human rights.
人権に配慮しつつ、実効性のある方策を見極めたい。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 19, 2015)
The Yomiuri Shimbun
G-20 must contain intl terrorists through rigid border controls
Ｇ２０対テロ声明 国境管理の徹底で封じ込めよ
The solidarity of the international community in the wake of the simultaneous terrorist attacks in Paris must lead to effective measures to combat terrorism.
パリ同時テロを機に生まれた国際社会の結束を実効性ある対策につなげねばならない。
The Group of 20 (G-20) leaders summit ended with the adoption of a joint statement demonstrating their resolve to fight against terrorism.
主要２０か国・地域（Ｇ２０）首脳会議は、テロと戦う決意を示す緊急声明を採択し、閉幕した。
The statement declared, “We condemn, in the strongest possible terms, the heinous terrorist attacks” in Paris on Nov. 13 and in Ankara in October.
声明は、パリ同時テロと１０月のトルコでの爆弾テロを「最も強い表現で非難する」と明記した。
It also said that the fight against terrorism “is a major priority for all of our countries” and called on the countries to take measures to cut off the financing channels for terrorism and to counter terrorist propaganda.
テロとの戦いを「すべての国の優先課題」と位置付け、テロ資金の遮断やテロ組織の宣伝戦への対抗措置を各国に求めた。
The statement also urged the countries to enhance cooperation in information sharing concerning an acutely growing flow of foreign terrorist fighters and thorough border controls.
急増する外国人戦闘員に関する情報の共有や国境管理の徹底も促した。
There is nothing new, in particular, in any one of these specific measures. The countries concerned have already taken relevant measures but have so far been unable to prevent large-scale terror. What is needed is for the international community to strengthen its solidarity and enhance these measures’ effectiveness.
どの具体策も目新しさはない。関係国は既に取り組みを進めているが、大規模テロを防げずにいる。国際社会の連帯を強め、その効果を高めることが求められよう。
U.S. President Barack Obama expressed his intention of intensifying a bombing operations in Syria. Russian President Vladimir Putin said, “It’s only possible to deal with the terror threat by combining the efforts of the entire global community.”
オバマ米大統領は、シリアでの空爆作戦などを強化する意向を表明した。プーチン露大統領も、「力を合わせることでのみ、戦いの効果がある」と述べた。
French President Francois Hollande, who was absent from the G-20 summit, emphasized that “France is at war” with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) militant group. The United States and Russia should respond proactively to France’s call for cooperation to eradicate ISIL.
Ｇ２０を欠席したオランド仏大統領は、過激派組織「イスラム国」と「戦争している」と力説した。掃討に向けた協力要請に、米露は積極的に応じるべきだ。
France will shortly submit to the U.N. Security Council a draft resolution aiming at defeating ISIL. It is important for the security council to adopt such a resolution promptly and support the campaign to wipe out ISIL as the collective will of the global community.
フランスは近く、「イスラム国」打倒に関する決議案を国連安全保障理事会に提出する。安保理は決議を迅速に採択し、国際社会の総意として、掃討作戦を後押しすることが重要である。
Economic hazards
Terrorism impedes the flow of people and goods and adds uncertainty to the world economy.
テロは、人やモノの流れを滞らせ、世界経済の不確実性を高める。
The G-20 countries should make efforts to raise their economic growth level with the aim of overcoming problems, such as poverty and youth unemployment, that lie behind terrorism.
Ｇ２０は、貧困や若者の失業など、テロの背景にある課題の克服を目指し、各国の成長底上げに努めねばなるまい。
The key to meeting these challenges is an expansion in infrastructure investment deemed effective in creating jobs and raising the standard of living in newly emerging economies.
新興国での雇用創出や生活向上に効果的なインフラ（社会資本）投資の拡大がカギを握る。
It is quite reasonable that the G-20 statement has pointed out that the “top priority is timely and effective implementation of growth strategies” that would create jobs and reduce inequality.
Ｇ２０首脳宣言が「最優先事項は雇用を生み、不平等を減らす成長戦略だ」と指摘したのはもっともだ。
Also on the agenda was the economic slowdown in China and the prospect of a U.S. interest rate hike. Both are issues that could deal a blow to newly emerging economies. It is important, also from the viewpoint of nipping terrorism in the bud, to keep possible adverse effects to a minimum.
会議では、中国の景気減速や米国の利上げも議題となった。いずれも新興国経済に打撃を与えかねない問題だ。テロの芽を摘むという観点からも、悪影響を最小限にとどめることが大切である。
Should China’s economy stall, countries exporting oil and other natural resources will be in a predicament. There was a succession of calls from other G-20 countries urging Beijing to make efforts to structural reform that the country would not become a source of trouble for the world economy.
中国の景気が腰折れすれば、石油などの資源輸出国は苦境に陥る。各国から、中国が世界経済の波乱要因とならないよう、構造改革の努力を迫る声が相次いだ。
We agree with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who said China needs to make efforts to tackle structural problems, including the scrapping of excessive production equipment.
安倍首相が「過剰生産設備の解消など構造的課題への努力が求められる」と語ったのは頷うなずける。
If the United States raises interest rates, the flow of capital out of emerging economies may accelerate. It is considered appropriate that the G-20 leaders’ declaration called for the U.S. to make discreet decisions on its monetary policy.
米国が利上げすれば、新興国からの資金流出が加速しかねない。首脳宣言が金融政策の慎重な判断を促したのは妥当だろう。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 18, 2015)
G-20 must contain intl terrorists through rigid border controls
Ｇ２０対テロ声明 国境管理の徹底で封じ込めよ
The solidarity of the international community in the wake of the simultaneous terrorist attacks in Paris must lead to effective measures to combat terrorism.
パリ同時テロを機に生まれた国際社会の結束を実効性ある対策につなげねばならない。
The Group of 20 (G-20) leaders summit ended with the adoption of a joint statement demonstrating their resolve to fight against terrorism.
主要２０か国・地域（Ｇ２０）首脳会議は、テロと戦う決意を示す緊急声明を採択し、閉幕した。
The statement declared, “We condemn, in the strongest possible terms, the heinous terrorist attacks” in Paris on Nov. 13 and in Ankara in October.
声明は、パリ同時テロと１０月のトルコでの爆弾テロを「最も強い表現で非難する」と明記した。
It also said that the fight against terrorism “is a major priority for all of our countries” and called on the countries to take measures to cut off the financing channels for terrorism and to counter terrorist propaganda.
テロとの戦いを「すべての国の優先課題」と位置付け、テロ資金の遮断やテロ組織の宣伝戦への対抗措置を各国に求めた。
The statement also urged the countries to enhance cooperation in information sharing concerning an acutely growing flow of foreign terrorist fighters and thorough border controls.
急増する外国人戦闘員に関する情報の共有や国境管理の徹底も促した。
There is nothing new, in particular, in any one of these specific measures. The countries concerned have already taken relevant measures but have so far been unable to prevent large-scale terror. What is needed is for the international community to strengthen its solidarity and enhance these measures’ effectiveness.
どの具体策も目新しさはない。関係国は既に取り組みを進めているが、大規模テロを防げずにいる。国際社会の連帯を強め、その効果を高めることが求められよう。
U.S. President Barack Obama expressed his intention of intensifying a bombing operations in Syria. Russian President Vladimir Putin said, “It’s only possible to deal with the terror threat by combining the efforts of the entire global community.”
オバマ米大統領は、シリアでの空爆作戦などを強化する意向を表明した。プーチン露大統領も、「力を合わせることでのみ、戦いの効果がある」と述べた。
French President Francois Hollande, who was absent from the G-20 summit, emphasized that “France is at war” with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) militant group. The United States and Russia should respond proactively to France’s call for cooperation to eradicate ISIL.
Ｇ２０を欠席したオランド仏大統領は、過激派組織「イスラム国」と「戦争している」と力説した。掃討に向けた協力要請に、米露は積極的に応じるべきだ。
France will shortly submit to the U.N. Security Council a draft resolution aiming at defeating ISIL. It is important for the security council to adopt such a resolution promptly and support the campaign to wipe out ISIL as the collective will of the global community.
フランスは近く、「イスラム国」打倒に関する決議案を国連安全保障理事会に提出する。安保理は決議を迅速に採択し、国際社会の総意として、掃討作戦を後押しすることが重要である。
Economic hazards
Terrorism impedes the flow of people and goods and adds uncertainty to the world economy.
テロは、人やモノの流れを滞らせ、世界経済の不確実性を高める。
The G-20 countries should make efforts to raise their economic growth level with the aim of overcoming problems, such as poverty and youth unemployment, that lie behind terrorism.
Ｇ２０は、貧困や若者の失業など、テロの背景にある課題の克服を目指し、各国の成長底上げに努めねばなるまい。
The key to meeting these challenges is an expansion in infrastructure investment deemed effective in creating jobs and raising the standard of living in newly emerging economies.
新興国での雇用創出や生活向上に効果的なインフラ（社会資本）投資の拡大がカギを握る。
It is quite reasonable that the G-20 statement has pointed out that the “top priority is timely and effective implementation of growth strategies” that would create jobs and reduce inequality.
Ｇ２０首脳宣言が「最優先事項は雇用を生み、不平等を減らす成長戦略だ」と指摘したのはもっともだ。
Also on the agenda was the economic slowdown in China and the prospect of a U.S. interest rate hike. Both are issues that could deal a blow to newly emerging economies. It is important, also from the viewpoint of nipping terrorism in the bud, to keep possible adverse effects to a minimum.
会議では、中国の景気減速や米国の利上げも議題となった。いずれも新興国経済に打撃を与えかねない問題だ。テロの芽を摘むという観点からも、悪影響を最小限にとどめることが大切である。
Should China’s economy stall, countries exporting oil and other natural resources will be in a predicament. There was a succession of calls from other G-20 countries urging Beijing to make efforts to structural reform that the country would not become a source of trouble for the world economy.
中国の景気が腰折れすれば、石油などの資源輸出国は苦境に陥る。各国から、中国が世界経済の波乱要因とならないよう、構造改革の努力を迫る声が相次いだ。
We agree with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who said China needs to make efforts to tackle structural problems, including the scrapping of excessive production equipment.
安倍首相が「過剰生産設備の解消など構造的課題への努力が求められる」と語ったのは頷うなずける。
If the United States raises interest rates, the flow of capital out of emerging economies may accelerate. It is considered appropriate that the G-20 leaders’ declaration called for the U.S. to make discreet decisions on its monetary policy.
米国が利上げすれば、新興国からの資金流出が加速しかねない。首脳宣言が金融政策の慎重な判断を促したのは妥当だろう。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 18, 2015)
The Yomiuri Shimbun
Leadership struggle between U.S., Russia over Syrian situation futile
対「イスラム国」 米露の主導権争いは不毛だ
A futile U.S.-Russian conflict over the Syrian situation can only benefit the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) militant group, which carried out simultaneous terrorist attacks in Paris.
シリアを巡る米国とロシアの不毛な対立は、パリ同時テロを実行した過激派組織「イスラム国」を利するだけである。
It is vital for the international community to help bring to an end both the civil war that has bogged down in Syria and the exodus of refugees from the country, and for it to take concerted action to fight ISIL.
泥沼化するシリア内戦と難民流出を収拾し、「イスラム国」対策で国際社会の足並みを揃そろえることが急務だ。
At a meeting of countries concerned with the Syrian situation, the United States, European nations, Russia and Arab countries agreed on a political road map aimed at starting talks between the regime of Syrian President Bashar Assad and opposition groups and holding democratic elections within 18 months.
米欧露やアラブ諸国などによる関係国会合は、シリアのアサド政権と反体制派の交渉を年内に開始し、１８か月以内に民主選挙を実施するなどの行程表で合意した。
They probably reached the accord because it was widely recognized that the delay in the international community responding to the Syrian civil war allowed ISIL to increase its sphere of influence and led to the latest terrorist attacks in Paris.
シリア内戦への対応が遅れたことで、「イスラム国」の伸長を許し、パリ同時テロを招いたとの認識が広がったためだろう。
U.S. President Barack Obama and his Russian counterpart, Vladimir Putin, held unofficial talks on the sidelines of the Group of 20 summit in Turkey and agreed on the need for a ceasefire and a transition to a new administration. The two leaders hailed the road map as “diplomatic progress” on a political transition in Syria.
オバマ米大統領とプーチン露大統領も、主要２０か国・地域（Ｇ２０）首脳会議に合わせトルコで非公式に会談し、停戦や新政権への移行の必要性で一致した。行程表を「外交的進展」と評価した。
Washington’s acceptance of the road map worked out under the leadership of Russia, the Assad regime’s ally, can be considered a bitter concession because the United States had to give in prioritizing international solidarity over changing the Assad regime.
米国が、アサド政権寄りのロシアが主導した行程表を受け入れたのは、関係国の結束を優先した、苦渋の譲歩と言えよう。
Yet the United States and Russia remain at odds over whether to allow the Assad regime to remain in power. Both countries must continue talks to steadily carry out the transition plan and move closer together.
ただ、アサド政権の継続を容認するかどうかについて、米露はなお対立している。行程表の着実な履行に向けて対話を続け、歩み寄らねばならない。
Obama changes policy
In late October, the Obama administration changed its policy of not deploying ground troops to fight ISIL in Syria and decided to dispatch special forces. The shift in U.S. policy is believed to be taken in response to Russia launching a full-scale intervention with airstrikes in Syria.
オバマ政権は１０月末、「イスラム国」との戦いでシリアに米地上軍を駐留させない方針を転換し、特殊部隊派遣を決めた。ロシアがシリア空爆で本格的な介入を始めたことへの対抗策とみられる。
The U.S. special forces would be fewer than 50 and train and assist rebels and Kurdish forces. They would neither be deployed on the front lines nor used in combat missions against ISIL.
特殊部隊の規模は５０人未満で、反体制派やクルド人部隊の訓練、支援を行う。前線には配置せず、戦闘任務は担わないという。
Obama had earlier planned to have rebel fighters trained outside Syria and have them deployed in ground operations. As few Syrians volunteered for this training program and the U.S. plan virtually collapsed, the United States had no other option but to have its own forces prop up rebel groups.
オバマ氏は、シリア国外で反体制派の戦闘員を訓練し、地上戦に送り込む意向だった。しかし、志願者が少なく、計画が事実上破綻したことから、米軍によるてこ入れを余儀なくされた。
However, there will be no tangible result if only piecemeal measures are taken every time the situation deteriorates.
情勢悪化のたびに小出しの対応をするのでは効果は望めまい。
The United States has criticized that 80 to 90 percent of Russia’s airstrikes have targeted the moderate Syrian opposition. Washington may be wary of Russia building a solid foothold in the Middle East.
米国はロシアの空爆について、「８～９割が反体制派を狙ったものだ」と批判する。ロシアが中東に強固な足場を築くのを警戒しているのだろう。
The elimination of ISIL should be the common goal of both the United States and Russia.
「イスラム国」の掃討は、米露共通の目標のはずである。
The crash of a Russian passenger airliner in late October in Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula has increasingly been seen as caused by a terrorist bomb. ISIL had much earlier declared that it would retaliate for Russian airstrikes in Syria, and an organization under the wing of ISIL later claimed responsibility for downing the Russian plane.
１０月末にエジプト・シナイ半島で起きたロシアの旅客機墜落は、爆破テロとの見方が濃厚になっている。「イスラム国」は以前からロシアのシリア空爆に対する報復を宣言し、傘下組織が墜落後に犯行声明を出した。
If the crash is confirmed as a terrorist act taken in retaliation for Russia’s airstrikes, the necessity for the United States and Russia to cooperate in the exchange of information and other areas will grow further.
報復テロと確認されれば、米露が情報交換などで協力する必要性が一段と高まろう。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 17, 2015)
Leadership struggle between U.S., Russia over Syrian situation futile
対「イスラム国」 米露の主導権争いは不毛だ
A futile U.S.-Russian conflict over the Syrian situation can only benefit the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) militant group, which carried out simultaneous terrorist attacks in Paris.
シリアを巡る米国とロシアの不毛な対立は、パリ同時テロを実行した過激派組織「イスラム国」を利するだけである。
It is vital for the international community to help bring to an end both the civil war that has bogged down in Syria and the exodus of refugees from the country, and for it to take concerted action to fight ISIL.
泥沼化するシリア内戦と難民流出を収拾し、「イスラム国」対策で国際社会の足並みを揃そろえることが急務だ。
At a meeting of countries concerned with the Syrian situation, the United States, European nations, Russia and Arab countries agreed on a political road map aimed at starting talks between the regime of Syrian President Bashar Assad and opposition groups and holding democratic elections within 18 months.
米欧露やアラブ諸国などによる関係国会合は、シリアのアサド政権と反体制派の交渉を年内に開始し、１８か月以内に民主選挙を実施するなどの行程表で合意した。
They probably reached the accord because it was widely recognized that the delay in the international community responding to the Syrian civil war allowed ISIL to increase its sphere of influence and led to the latest terrorist attacks in Paris.
シリア内戦への対応が遅れたことで、「イスラム国」の伸長を許し、パリ同時テロを招いたとの認識が広がったためだろう。
U.S. President Barack Obama and his Russian counterpart, Vladimir Putin, held unofficial talks on the sidelines of the Group of 20 summit in Turkey and agreed on the need for a ceasefire and a transition to a new administration. The two leaders hailed the road map as “diplomatic progress” on a political transition in Syria.
オバマ米大統領とプーチン露大統領も、主要２０か国・地域（Ｇ２０）首脳会議に合わせトルコで非公式に会談し、停戦や新政権への移行の必要性で一致した。行程表を「外交的進展」と評価した。
Washington’s acceptance of the road map worked out under the leadership of Russia, the Assad regime’s ally, can be considered a bitter concession because the United States had to give in prioritizing international solidarity over changing the Assad regime.
米国が、アサド政権寄りのロシアが主導した行程表を受け入れたのは、関係国の結束を優先した、苦渋の譲歩と言えよう。
Yet the United States and Russia remain at odds over whether to allow the Assad regime to remain in power. Both countries must continue talks to steadily carry out the transition plan and move closer together.
ただ、アサド政権の継続を容認するかどうかについて、米露はなお対立している。行程表の着実な履行に向けて対話を続け、歩み寄らねばならない。
Obama changes policy
In late October, the Obama administration changed its policy of not deploying ground troops to fight ISIL in Syria and decided to dispatch special forces. The shift in U.S. policy is believed to be taken in response to Russia launching a full-scale intervention with airstrikes in Syria.
オバマ政権は１０月末、「イスラム国」との戦いでシリアに米地上軍を駐留させない方針を転換し、特殊部隊派遣を決めた。ロシアがシリア空爆で本格的な介入を始めたことへの対抗策とみられる。
The U.S. special forces would be fewer than 50 and train and assist rebels and Kurdish forces. They would neither be deployed on the front lines nor used in combat missions against ISIL.
特殊部隊の規模は５０人未満で、反体制派やクルド人部隊の訓練、支援を行う。前線には配置せず、戦闘任務は担わないという。
Obama had earlier planned to have rebel fighters trained outside Syria and have them deployed in ground operations. As few Syrians volunteered for this training program and the U.S. plan virtually collapsed, the United States had no other option but to have its own forces prop up rebel groups.
オバマ氏は、シリア国外で反体制派の戦闘員を訓練し、地上戦に送り込む意向だった。しかし、志願者が少なく、計画が事実上破綻したことから、米軍によるてこ入れを余儀なくされた。
However, there will be no tangible result if only piecemeal measures are taken every time the situation deteriorates.
情勢悪化のたびに小出しの対応をするのでは効果は望めまい。
The United States has criticized that 80 to 90 percent of Russia’s airstrikes have targeted the moderate Syrian opposition. Washington may be wary of Russia building a solid foothold in the Middle East.
米国はロシアの空爆について、「８～９割が反体制派を狙ったものだ」と批判する。ロシアが中東に強固な足場を築くのを警戒しているのだろう。
The elimination of ISIL should be the common goal of both the United States and Russia.
「イスラム国」の掃討は、米露共通の目標のはずである。
The crash of a Russian passenger airliner in late October in Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula has increasingly been seen as caused by a terrorist bomb. ISIL had much earlier declared that it would retaliate for Russian airstrikes in Syria, and an organization under the wing of ISIL later claimed responsibility for downing the Russian plane.
１０月末にエジプト・シナイ半島で起きたロシアの旅客機墜落は、爆破テロとの見方が濃厚になっている。「イスラム国」は以前からロシアのシリア空爆に対する報復を宣言し、傘下組織が墜落後に犯行声明を出した。
If the crash is confirmed as a terrorist act taken in retaliation for Russia’s airstrikes, the necessity for the United States and Russia to cooperate in the exchange of information and other areas will grow further.
報復テロと確認されれば、米露が情報交換などで協力する必要性が一段と高まろう。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 17, 2015)
--The Asahi Shimbun, Nov. 15
EDITORIAL: World shares France’s grief after heartless attacks in Paris
（社説）パリの同時多発テロ 許せぬ自由社会への暴力
The cruelty of the terrorist attacks in Paris made us shudder. This barbarous act, which took so many lives indiscriminately, was a tragedy not just for France, but for the entire globe.
非道なテロに慄然（りつぜん）とする。無差別に多くの人命を奪った蛮行はフランスだけでなく、世界にとっての悲劇である。
A Friday night in Paris turned murderous. Random shootings and explosions occurred almost simultaneously at multiple locations in central parts of the city, leaving a tremendous number of people dead or wounded.
金曜夜のパリが血に染まった。中心部の複数の場所でほぼ同時に銃の乱射や爆発があり、おびただしい死傷者が出た。
All the attacks took place at venues that were bustling with crowds. Guns were fired at random in a hall that was hosting a rock concert packed with young people, as well as at restaurants and a cafe. Bomb blasts, apparently from suicide bombers, rocked a soccer stadium in the suburbs.
襲われたのは、いずれも多数の人々でにぎわう場だ。若者が集うロックコンサートの会場ホールをはじめ、レストラン、カフェで銃の乱射があり、郊外のサッカースタジアムでは自爆テロとみられる爆発が起きた。
Most of the victims were ordinary citizens who had nothing to do with conflicts or extremist thought. The grief of the victims and their families can never be fully fathomed.
被害者のほとんどは、紛争や過激思想とは無縁の、ふつうの市民である。犠牲者や遺族の無念さは察するにあまりある。
This barbarous act of violence on citizens can never be forgiven.
市民を狙った卑劣な暴力を断じて許すことはできない。
The most important task for the government of France, for the time being, will be to eliminate public anxiety by restoring peace and order. The French government should also move steadily to uncover the facts and background behind the attacks.
フランス政府は、当面は治安の回復により、国民の不安を取り除くことが大切だろう。同時に、テロの実態と背景の解明をしっかり進めてほしい。
The international community should work together to support that effort. France is not the only nation that is bearing the brunt of terrorism. Every citizen should be reminded that his or her country could be facing the same danger tomorrow.
日本を含む国際社会は、力を合わせてその取り組みを支えたい。テロの矛先が向いているのは、フランスだけではない。明日は自国に突きつけられる問題だとの意識を肝に銘じたい。
DON’T LET CITIZENRY BECOME DIVIDED
■市民の分断を防げ
In January, Paris was the site of successive attacks on the editorial offices of Charlie Hebdo, a satirical weekly newspaper, and a kosher grocery. Seventeen people, including citizens and police officers, were killed in the serial attacks.
パリではことしの１月、風刺週刊紙「シャルリー・エブド」編集部と、ユダヤ人の食品雑貨店が相次いで襲われた。市民や警官ら１７人が死亡した。
The latest attacks took place at a time when the Charlie Hebdo tragedy was still fresh in many minds, leaving the public seriously shocked.
その記憶がまだ薄れていない時の出来事である。人びとが受けた衝撃は甚大だ。
Anxiety is also spreading across the globe, because later this month Paris will host the Conference of the Parties to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP21). The terrorists possibly also had that in mind.
パリではまた、今月末から国連気候変動枠組み条約締約国会議（ＣＯＰ２１）が開かれる予定で、不安は世界に広がっている。テロリストたちはそれも狙いだったのかもしれない。
Since January, the government of France was supposed to have strengthened security in an all-out effort to prevent a recurrence. But that measure still failed to block the multiple coordinated attacks that once again stained the French capital in blood.
１月以降、仏政府は警備を強化し、再発防止に全力で努めていたはずだった。しかし、それでも今回のような同時多発テロを防げなかった。
Civil facilities are called “soft targets,” which are not quite like military or other establishments. Even though their vulnerability to attacks is no secret, we are faced with a dilemma, whereby stepping up control over human mobility could erode the principles of a liberalist society.
軍などの施設と異なり、民間施設は「ソフトターゲット」と呼ばれる。攻撃に弱いとわかっていても、人の動きへの規制を強めれば、自由主義社会の原則が侵食される。
Terrorist attacks are called challenges to freedom exactly for that reason.
テロが自由に対する挑戦と言われるゆえんである。
Whatever their direct political motives, terrorist attacks are always intended to incite fear in a peaceful and civilized society and create a divide between people.
直接の政治的な動機が何であれ、平和な文明社会に恐怖をもたらし、人々の間に亀裂をつくる意図があるのがテロの常だ。
As in the case of the attacks on Charlie Hebdo in January, it has been pointed out that radical Islamists were involved in the latest attacks. But, even if that is true, we should not readily associate the attacks with Muslims at large or with immigrant communities.
今回も１月と同様に、イスラム系過激派の関連が指摘されている。だとしても、テロとイスラム教徒や移民社会とを安易に結びつけるべきではない。
It comes across as all too natural that a group of French Muslims has released a statement denouncing the attacks. Similar incidents are often followed by speech and actions that encourage attacks on Muslims or rejection of immigrants.
フランスのイスラム教徒団体がテロを非難する声明を出したのは当然だろう。こうした事件の後では、イスラム教徒らへの攻撃や移民排斥をあおる言動がしばしばみられる。
We should not play into the terrorists’ hands and allow society to become divided, which is what the terrorists want. We should remain level-headed and steady in taking countermeasures without compromising the principles of freedom.
テロがもくろむ社会の分断をみすみす許してはならない。冷静に着実に、自由の原則を曲げずに対策を進めるべきだ。
REPERCUSSIONS OF CONFLICTS, TURBULENCE
■紛争と混乱の連鎖
The French government believes the latest attacks were perpetrated by the Islamic State (IS), a group of extremists that has expanded its influence in the Middle East.
仏政府はこの事件について、中東で勢力を伸ばしてきた過激派組織「イスラム国」（ＩＳ）の犯行とみている。
Individuals under the influence of IS have carried out terrorist attacks in many parts of the world. French government officials said the latest attacks were planned and organized outside France.
ＩＳに影響を受けた人物によるテロは世界各地で起きている。仏政府によると、今回の犯行は、フランスの国外で計画、組織されたものだという。
Paris decided to institute military actions in the Middle East from last year. It joined a U.S.-led coalition and began air raids on targets in Iraq, and starting this autumn has also been conducting air strikes in Syria against the IS.
仏政府は昨年から、中東での軍事行動に踏み切った。米国主導の有志連合に加わり、イラクに加え、この秋からはシリアでもＩＳを狙う空爆を始めた。
If the latest attacks were intended as retaliation against these actions, that means the world is once again facing a global chain of violence that transcends national and regional borders.
今回がその報復であるとしたら、世界はあらためて、国境や地域を越えた地球規模の暴力の連鎖を目の当たりにしていることになる。
The 9/11 attacks on the United States in 2001 were carried out by al-Qaida, a militant Islamist organization that was based in Afghanistan.
０１年の米同時多発テロは、当時アフガニスタンに拠点を置いた過激派のアルカイダと呼ばれる組織による攻撃だった。
The Madrid train bombings of 2004 and the London bombings of 2005 were associated with the Iraq War and other turbulence in the Middle East. The latest attacks also appear highly likely to be repercussions in Europe of the wars being fought in the Middle East over the IS issue.
０４年のスペイン・マドリードでの列車爆破や、０５年に英国を襲った同時爆破テロは、イラク戦争と中東の混乱に関連して起きた。今回も、ＩＳ問題をめぐる中東の戦火が欧州に及んだものである可能性が高い。
The civil war in Syria, which has yet to show signs of dissipating, has resulted in the deaths of more than 200,000 people and has displaced millions of refugees and evacuees. The chaotic state there is generating serious global problems, including the proliferation of terrorism and an outflow of refugees.
収束の兆しが見えないシリアの内戦は二十数万もの死者と、数百万の難民や避難民をだしている。その混沌（こんとん）が、テロの拡散や、難民の流出という深刻なグローバル問題を生んでいる。
Dilapidation, warfare and poverty in a certain region, no matter what remote corner of the world, are bound to erode the stability of the entire global community in due course of time.
遠い海外のどこであれ、地域の荒廃、戦乱、貧困はやがて、国際社会全体の安定をむしばむ。
The ravaging consequences of the terrorist attacks should give us opportunities to once again reflect on the pathological state threatening today’s world and reconfirm the will of the international community to take that as a challenge and face it.
いまの世界を覆う病理と、それに立ち向かう国際社会としての意思をいま一度、こうしたテロの惨禍を機に確認したい。
GLOBAL SOLIDARITY FOR OVERCOMING CRISIS
■克服へ国際連帯を
After the latest attacks, French President Francois Hollande declared a state of emergency and had the country’s borders closed. The authorities called on the public to stay home and are restricting movement within the capital.
今回のテロを受けて、オランド仏大統領は非常事態を宣言し、国境を閉鎖した。人々に外出しないよう呼びかけ、パリ市内の移動も制限している。
Although those response measures are well-intentioned to ensure safety and carry out investigations, they will inevitably cause a slowdown in civic life. We hope France will manage to get past the current crisis without forgetting its standing as a world-leading advocate of human rights.
安全確保と捜査の必要性を考えると当然の対応だが、市民生活が停滞するのは免れない。世界をリードする人権国家としての誇りも忘れずに、この難局を乗り越えてもらいたい。
Other nations, including Japan, should share the pain and grief of the French people and reaffirm their determination to create a world free of terrorism.
日本を含む各国も、フランスの人びとの苦しみ、悲しみに心を寄せるとともに、テロなき世界への決意を新たにしたい。
EDITORIAL: World shares France’s grief after heartless attacks in Paris
（社説）パリの同時多発テロ 許せぬ自由社会への暴力
The cruelty of the terrorist attacks in Paris made us shudder. This barbarous act, which took so many lives indiscriminately, was a tragedy not just for France, but for the entire globe.
非道なテロに慄然（りつぜん）とする。無差別に多くの人命を奪った蛮行はフランスだけでなく、世界にとっての悲劇である。
A Friday night in Paris turned murderous. Random shootings and explosions occurred almost simultaneously at multiple locations in central parts of the city, leaving a tremendous number of people dead or wounded.
金曜夜のパリが血に染まった。中心部の複数の場所でほぼ同時に銃の乱射や爆発があり、おびただしい死傷者が出た。
All the attacks took place at venues that were bustling with crowds. Guns were fired at random in a hall that was hosting a rock concert packed with young people, as well as at restaurants and a cafe. Bomb blasts, apparently from suicide bombers, rocked a soccer stadium in the suburbs.
襲われたのは、いずれも多数の人々でにぎわう場だ。若者が集うロックコンサートの会場ホールをはじめ、レストラン、カフェで銃の乱射があり、郊外のサッカースタジアムでは自爆テロとみられる爆発が起きた。
Most of the victims were ordinary citizens who had nothing to do with conflicts or extremist thought. The grief of the victims and their families can never be fully fathomed.
被害者のほとんどは、紛争や過激思想とは無縁の、ふつうの市民である。犠牲者や遺族の無念さは察するにあまりある。
This barbarous act of violence on citizens can never be forgiven.
市民を狙った卑劣な暴力を断じて許すことはできない。
The most important task for the government of France, for the time being, will be to eliminate public anxiety by restoring peace and order. The French government should also move steadily to uncover the facts and background behind the attacks.
フランス政府は、当面は治安の回復により、国民の不安を取り除くことが大切だろう。同時に、テロの実態と背景の解明をしっかり進めてほしい。
The international community should work together to support that effort. France is not the only nation that is bearing the brunt of terrorism. Every citizen should be reminded that his or her country could be facing the same danger tomorrow.
日本を含む国際社会は、力を合わせてその取り組みを支えたい。テロの矛先が向いているのは、フランスだけではない。明日は自国に突きつけられる問題だとの意識を肝に銘じたい。
DON’T LET CITIZENRY BECOME DIVIDED
■市民の分断を防げ
In January, Paris was the site of successive attacks on the editorial offices of Charlie Hebdo, a satirical weekly newspaper, and a kosher grocery. Seventeen people, including citizens and police officers, were killed in the serial attacks.
パリではことしの１月、風刺週刊紙「シャルリー・エブド」編集部と、ユダヤ人の食品雑貨店が相次いで襲われた。市民や警官ら１７人が死亡した。
The latest attacks took place at a time when the Charlie Hebdo tragedy was still fresh in many minds, leaving the public seriously shocked.
その記憶がまだ薄れていない時の出来事である。人びとが受けた衝撃は甚大だ。
Anxiety is also spreading across the globe, because later this month Paris will host the Conference of the Parties to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP21). The terrorists possibly also had that in mind.
パリではまた、今月末から国連気候変動枠組み条約締約国会議（ＣＯＰ２１）が開かれる予定で、不安は世界に広がっている。テロリストたちはそれも狙いだったのかもしれない。
Since January, the government of France was supposed to have strengthened security in an all-out effort to prevent a recurrence. But that measure still failed to block the multiple coordinated attacks that once again stained the French capital in blood.
１月以降、仏政府は警備を強化し、再発防止に全力で努めていたはずだった。しかし、それでも今回のような同時多発テロを防げなかった。
Civil facilities are called “soft targets,” which are not quite like military or other establishments. Even though their vulnerability to attacks is no secret, we are faced with a dilemma, whereby stepping up control over human mobility could erode the principles of a liberalist society.
軍などの施設と異なり、民間施設は「ソフトターゲット」と呼ばれる。攻撃に弱いとわかっていても、人の動きへの規制を強めれば、自由主義社会の原則が侵食される。
Terrorist attacks are called challenges to freedom exactly for that reason.
テロが自由に対する挑戦と言われるゆえんである。
Whatever their direct political motives, terrorist attacks are always intended to incite fear in a peaceful and civilized society and create a divide between people.
直接の政治的な動機が何であれ、平和な文明社会に恐怖をもたらし、人々の間に亀裂をつくる意図があるのがテロの常だ。
As in the case of the attacks on Charlie Hebdo in January, it has been pointed out that radical Islamists were involved in the latest attacks. But, even if that is true, we should not readily associate the attacks with Muslims at large or with immigrant communities.
今回も１月と同様に、イスラム系過激派の関連が指摘されている。だとしても、テロとイスラム教徒や移民社会とを安易に結びつけるべきではない。
It comes across as all too natural that a group of French Muslims has released a statement denouncing the attacks. Similar incidents are often followed by speech and actions that encourage attacks on Muslims or rejection of immigrants.
フランスのイスラム教徒団体がテロを非難する声明を出したのは当然だろう。こうした事件の後では、イスラム教徒らへの攻撃や移民排斥をあおる言動がしばしばみられる。
We should not play into the terrorists’ hands and allow society to become divided, which is what the terrorists want. We should remain level-headed and steady in taking countermeasures without compromising the principles of freedom.
テロがもくろむ社会の分断をみすみす許してはならない。冷静に着実に、自由の原則を曲げずに対策を進めるべきだ。
REPERCUSSIONS OF CONFLICTS, TURBULENCE
■紛争と混乱の連鎖
The French government believes the latest attacks were perpetrated by the Islamic State (IS), a group of extremists that has expanded its influence in the Middle East.
仏政府はこの事件について、中東で勢力を伸ばしてきた過激派組織「イスラム国」（ＩＳ）の犯行とみている。
Individuals under the influence of IS have carried out terrorist attacks in many parts of the world. French government officials said the latest attacks were planned and organized outside France.
ＩＳに影響を受けた人物によるテロは世界各地で起きている。仏政府によると、今回の犯行は、フランスの国外で計画、組織されたものだという。
Paris decided to institute military actions in the Middle East from last year. It joined a U.S.-led coalition and began air raids on targets in Iraq, and starting this autumn has also been conducting air strikes in Syria against the IS.
仏政府は昨年から、中東での軍事行動に踏み切った。米国主導の有志連合に加わり、イラクに加え、この秋からはシリアでもＩＳを狙う空爆を始めた。
If the latest attacks were intended as retaliation against these actions, that means the world is once again facing a global chain of violence that transcends national and regional borders.
今回がその報復であるとしたら、世界はあらためて、国境や地域を越えた地球規模の暴力の連鎖を目の当たりにしていることになる。
The 9/11 attacks on the United States in 2001 were carried out by al-Qaida, a militant Islamist organization that was based in Afghanistan.
０１年の米同時多発テロは、当時アフガニスタンに拠点を置いた過激派のアルカイダと呼ばれる組織による攻撃だった。
The Madrid train bombings of 2004 and the London bombings of 2005 were associated with the Iraq War and other turbulence in the Middle East. The latest attacks also appear highly likely to be repercussions in Europe of the wars being fought in the Middle East over the IS issue.
０４年のスペイン・マドリードでの列車爆破や、０５年に英国を襲った同時爆破テロは、イラク戦争と中東の混乱に関連して起きた。今回も、ＩＳ問題をめぐる中東の戦火が欧州に及んだものである可能性が高い。
The civil war in Syria, which has yet to show signs of dissipating, has resulted in the deaths of more than 200,000 people and has displaced millions of refugees and evacuees. The chaotic state there is generating serious global problems, including the proliferation of terrorism and an outflow of refugees.
収束の兆しが見えないシリアの内戦は二十数万もの死者と、数百万の難民や避難民をだしている。その混沌（こんとん）が、テロの拡散や、難民の流出という深刻なグローバル問題を生んでいる。
Dilapidation, warfare and poverty in a certain region, no matter what remote corner of the world, are bound to erode the stability of the entire global community in due course of time.
遠い海外のどこであれ、地域の荒廃、戦乱、貧困はやがて、国際社会全体の安定をむしばむ。
The ravaging consequences of the terrorist attacks should give us opportunities to once again reflect on the pathological state threatening today’s world and reconfirm the will of the international community to take that as a challenge and face it.
いまの世界を覆う病理と、それに立ち向かう国際社会としての意思をいま一度、こうしたテロの惨禍を機に確認したい。
GLOBAL SOLIDARITY FOR OVERCOMING CRISIS
■克服へ国際連帯を
After the latest attacks, French President Francois Hollande declared a state of emergency and had the country’s borders closed. The authorities called on the public to stay home and are restricting movement within the capital.
今回のテロを受けて、オランド仏大統領は非常事態を宣言し、国境を閉鎖した。人々に外出しないよう呼びかけ、パリ市内の移動も制限している。
Although those response measures are well-intentioned to ensure safety and carry out investigations, they will inevitably cause a slowdown in civic life. We hope France will manage to get past the current crisis without forgetting its standing as a world-leading advocate of human rights.
安全確保と捜査の必要性を考えると当然の対応だが、市民生活が停滞するのは免れない。世界をリードする人権国家としての誇りも忘れずに、この難局を乗り越えてもらいたい。
Other nations, including Japan, should share the pain and grief of the French people and reaffirm their determination to create a world free of terrorism.
日本を含む各国も、フランスの人びとの苦しみ、悲しみに心を寄せるとともに、テロなき世界への決意を新たにしたい。
The Yomiuri Shimbun
Multiple attacks on Paris a brutal ‘act of war,’ must never be condoned
パリ同時テロ 非道な「戦争行為」は許されぬ
The latest gun and bomb attacks at locations across Paris were brutal acts of terrorism indiscriminately targeting ordinary citizens. Whatever the motive, these acts must never be condoned.
一般市民を無差別に襲った残虐なテロである。いかなる動機であれ、断じて許されない。
The international community must be more firmly united in its renewed efforts to prevent barbarous acts by terrorist organizations.
国際社会はテロ組織の蛮行を阻止するため、改めて結束を強めねばならない。
On Friday night, shootings and explosions occurred nearly simultaneously at a theater, restaurants and elsewhere in Paris, killing more than 120 people. French President Francois Hollande has declared a national state of emergency, describing the events in a TV address to be “terrorist attacks of unprecedented proportions.”
パリの劇場やレストランなどで１３日夜、銃撃や爆発がほぼ同時に発生し、１２０人以上が犠牲となった。フランスのオランド大統領はテレビ演説で、「前例のないテロが起きている」と述べ、非常事態を宣言した。
On Saturday, a militant group affiliated with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) released an online statement claiming responsibility for the Paris attacks. At a press conference, Hollande affirmed the attacks were “an act of war” committed by the ISIL militant group.
過激派組織「イスラム国」の傘下組織が１４日、インターネットに犯行声明を出した。オランド氏も記者会見で、「イスラム国」による「戦争行為」と断定した。
Since September, France has been taking part in U.S.-led coalition airstrikes on ISIL in Syria. One likely explanation is that Friday’s attacks were made in retaliation to France’s actions.
フランスは今年９月から、シリアで、米国が主導する有志連合による「イスラム国」への空爆に加わっている。これに対する報復との見方が有力だ。
A group of attackers used automatic rifles to fire wildly inside the theater, where a rock concert was taking place, killing dozens of people in the audience. There were also what seemed to be suicide bomb attacks near a sports stadium in the suburbs where Hollande was watching a friendly soccer game between France and Germany.
犯人グループはロックコンサートが行われていた劇場で、自動小銃を乱射し、観客を殺害した。郊外の競技場付近では、自爆テロとみられる爆発が起きた。サッカー仏独代表の親善試合をオランド氏が観戦していた最中だった。
Several people responsible for Friday’s attacks are believed to have been killed. Other attackers may be on the run.
複数の実行犯が死亡したとされている。犯人の一味は逃走している恐れもある。
French authorities must strive to normalize the situation and restore public security at an early date while also establishing an overall picture of the attacks.
仏当局は、事件の早期収拾と治安の回復に努め、犯行の全体像を解明してもらいたい。
Bolster security measures
In January, gunmen linked to a militant group separate from ISIL carried out attacks on a weekly political newspaper office and elsewhere in Paris. After the incident, the French authorities strengthened their monitoring of people believed to harbor radical beliefs, with about 10,000 soldiers mobilized to guard the country.
パリでは今年１月、「イスラム国」とは別の過激派につながる犯人が、政治週刊新聞社などを銃撃する事件があった。事件後、仏当局は過激思想に染まった人物らへの監視を強め、兵士１万人を動員するなど、厳戒を続けていた。
In Europe, young people with Islamic roots that have been radicalized by extremist groups have posed an increasingly serious problem.
欧州では、イスラム系の若者が過激派組織の仲間に引き入れられる問題が深刻化している。
There will be a U.N. climate change conference in Paris at the end of this month — officially titled the 21st Session of the Conference of Parties to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP21). The conference will be attended by top-level leaders from nations around the world, meaning there is a pressing need to reconsider the security precautions taken for the meeting.
パリは、国連気候変動枠組み条約の第２１回締約国会議（ＣＯＰ２１）の開催を今月末に控える。会議には各国の首脳級が集まる。警備態勢の見直しが急務だろう。
U.S. President Barack Obama condemned Friday’s incident as “an attack on all of humanity and the universal values we share.” British Prime Minister David Cameron told the French: “We will do whatever we can to help.”
オバマ米大統領は、今回のテロを、「人類全体と我々が共有する普遍的な価値への攻撃だ」と非難した。キャメロン英首相も、フランスに対し、「支援できることは何でもする」と語った。
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has emphasized that Japan will “closely cooperate with France and other members of the international community in striving to prevent acts of terrorism.” It is important for nations around the world to share terrorism-related information and further increase their cooperation on such antiterrorism measures as immigration and emigration controls.
安倍首相は「テロ防止に向けてフランスをはじめ国際社会と緊密に連携し、取り組んでいく」と強調した。世界各国がテロ情報を共有し、出入国管理などで協調を一層深めることが肝要である。
Japan and other pertinent countries should use the Group of 20 summit talks in Turkey as an initial step in renewed antiterrorism cooperation.
日本や関係国は、トルコで開かれる主要２０か国・地域（Ｇ２０）首脳会議を、対テロ協力の仕切り直しの第一歩とすべきだ。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 15, 2015)
Multiple attacks on Paris a brutal ‘act of war,’ must never be condoned
パリ同時テロ 非道な「戦争行為」は許されぬ
The latest gun and bomb attacks at locations across Paris were brutal acts of terrorism indiscriminately targeting ordinary citizens. Whatever the motive, these acts must never be condoned.
一般市民を無差別に襲った残虐なテロである。いかなる動機であれ、断じて許されない。
The international community must be more firmly united in its renewed efforts to prevent barbarous acts by terrorist organizations.
国際社会はテロ組織の蛮行を阻止するため、改めて結束を強めねばならない。
On Friday night, shootings and explosions occurred nearly simultaneously at a theater, restaurants and elsewhere in Paris, killing more than 120 people. French President Francois Hollande has declared a national state of emergency, describing the events in a TV address to be “terrorist attacks of unprecedented proportions.”
パリの劇場やレストランなどで１３日夜、銃撃や爆発がほぼ同時に発生し、１２０人以上が犠牲となった。フランスのオランド大統領はテレビ演説で、「前例のないテロが起きている」と述べ、非常事態を宣言した。
On Saturday, a militant group affiliated with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) released an online statement claiming responsibility for the Paris attacks. At a press conference, Hollande affirmed the attacks were “an act of war” committed by the ISIL militant group.
過激派組織「イスラム国」の傘下組織が１４日、インターネットに犯行声明を出した。オランド氏も記者会見で、「イスラム国」による「戦争行為」と断定した。
Since September, France has been taking part in U.S.-led coalition airstrikes on ISIL in Syria. One likely explanation is that Friday’s attacks were made in retaliation to France’s actions.
フランスは今年９月から、シリアで、米国が主導する有志連合による「イスラム国」への空爆に加わっている。これに対する報復との見方が有力だ。
A group of attackers used automatic rifles to fire wildly inside the theater, where a rock concert was taking place, killing dozens of people in the audience. There were also what seemed to be suicide bomb attacks near a sports stadium in the suburbs where Hollande was watching a friendly soccer game between France and Germany.
犯人グループはロックコンサートが行われていた劇場で、自動小銃を乱射し、観客を殺害した。郊外の競技場付近では、自爆テロとみられる爆発が起きた。サッカー仏独代表の親善試合をオランド氏が観戦していた最中だった。
Several people responsible for Friday’s attacks are believed to have been killed. Other attackers may be on the run.
複数の実行犯が死亡したとされている。犯人の一味は逃走している恐れもある。
French authorities must strive to normalize the situation and restore public security at an early date while also establishing an overall picture of the attacks.
仏当局は、事件の早期収拾と治安の回復に努め、犯行の全体像を解明してもらいたい。
Bolster security measures
In January, gunmen linked to a militant group separate from ISIL carried out attacks on a weekly political newspaper office and elsewhere in Paris. After the incident, the French authorities strengthened their monitoring of people believed to harbor radical beliefs, with about 10,000 soldiers mobilized to guard the country.
パリでは今年１月、「イスラム国」とは別の過激派につながる犯人が、政治週刊新聞社などを銃撃する事件があった。事件後、仏当局は過激思想に染まった人物らへの監視を強め、兵士１万人を動員するなど、厳戒を続けていた。
In Europe, young people with Islamic roots that have been radicalized by extremist groups have posed an increasingly serious problem.
欧州では、イスラム系の若者が過激派組織の仲間に引き入れられる問題が深刻化している。
There will be a U.N. climate change conference in Paris at the end of this month — officially titled the 21st Session of the Conference of Parties to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP21). The conference will be attended by top-level leaders from nations around the world, meaning there is a pressing need to reconsider the security precautions taken for the meeting.
パリは、国連気候変動枠組み条約の第２１回締約国会議（ＣＯＰ２１）の開催を今月末に控える。会議には各国の首脳級が集まる。警備態勢の見直しが急務だろう。
U.S. President Barack Obama condemned Friday’s incident as “an attack on all of humanity and the universal values we share.” British Prime Minister David Cameron told the French: “We will do whatever we can to help.”
オバマ米大統領は、今回のテロを、「人類全体と我々が共有する普遍的な価値への攻撃だ」と非難した。キャメロン英首相も、フランスに対し、「支援できることは何でもする」と語った。
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has emphasized that Japan will “closely cooperate with France and other members of the international community in striving to prevent acts of terrorism.” It is important for nations around the world to share terrorism-related information and further increase their cooperation on such antiterrorism measures as immigration and emigration controls.
安倍首相は「テロ防止に向けてフランスをはじめ国際社会と緊密に連携し、取り組んでいく」と強調した。世界各国がテロ情報を共有し、出入国管理などで協調を一層深めることが肝要である。
Japan and other pertinent countries should use the Group of 20 summit talks in Turkey as an initial step in renewed antiterrorism cooperation.
日本や関係国は、トルコで開かれる主要２０か国・地域（Ｇ２０）首脳会議を、対テロ協力の仕切り直しの第一歩とすべきだ。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 15, 2015)
スポンサードリンク
プロフィール
カイちゃん父親に花束を捧げる
タイのスラチャイです
妻はタイ人、娘ばかり３人も！ 
■近況
２００９年の９月１５日に脳梗塞を発症、右手が少し不自由になりました。
MRAで脳梗塞の部位を特定でき、素早い処置をとれたので大事に至りませんでした。
快復にむけてリハビリ中です。
(2011/01/01更新)
■自己紹介・リンク
[ はじめに ]
タイのスラチャイです。
英語学習に王道はありません。
毎日毎日の地道な努力の積み重ねが必要です。
スラチャイはＮＨＫのラジオ英語会話で現在の英語力を身につけました。
一日僅か１５分の学習でも数年間継続すれば相当な学習効果が期待できます。
[ 名前 ]
松井 清 （スラチャイ）
[ 略歴 ]
・福岡県出身
・国立高知大学卒業
・準大手建設会社に就職
・50歳で会社を早期退職
・99/10 タイ全土を旅行
・00/10 タイに移住
・03/07 カイちゃん誕生
・07/06 シーファーちゃん誕生
・現在タイ国コンケン在住
[ 座右の銘 ]
Slow and steady wins the race.
遅くとも着実な者が勝利する
（NHK基礎英語芹沢栄先生）
[ 学習の手引き ]
・音読して耳から英語を吸収
・Think in English.
・ネイティブ発音付辞書活用
・英英辞典を活用（英和も）
・翻訳和文で専門用語確認
[ English Newspapers ]
Yomiuri
Mainichi
Asahi
Japan Times
Washington Post
Newyork Times
Bangkok Post
The Nations
Phuket Gazette
[ 英字新聞の英和対訳学習 ]
英字新聞（読売）
英字新聞（毎日）
英字新聞（朝日）
英字新聞（朝日２）
[ スラチャイ編集の辞書 ]
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日タイ辞書（改訂版）
ラオ日辞書
日ラオ辞書
[ 英字新聞リンク ]
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スラチャイ編曲のJ.S.Bachです
スラチャイの多国言語学習
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07 相手の言うことがわからないとき
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09 一般的なあいづち
10 よくわからないときの返事
11 強めのあいづち
12 自分について述べるとき
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